From 6865f34bfe02ceae7027fcb0bc7d074d84369cf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ranke <ranke@5fad18fb-23f0-0310-ab10-e59a3bee62b4>
Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2007 19:48:47 +0000
Subject: Further work on the new repository layout

git-svn-id: http://kriemhild.uft.uni-bremen.de/svn/chemCal@23 5fad18fb-23f0-0310-ab10-e59a3bee62b4
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-\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
-%\VignetteIndexEntry{Short manual for the chemCal package}
-\usepackage{hyperref}
-
-\title{Basic calibration functions for analytical chemistry}
-\author{Johannes Ranke}
-
-\usepackage{/usr/share/R/share/texmf/Sweave}
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-
-The \texttt{chemCal} package was first designed in the course of a lecture and lab
-course on "analytics of organic trace contaminants" at the University of Bremen
-from October to December 2004. In the fall 2005, an email exchange with 
-Ron Wehrens led to the belief that it would be desirable to implement the
-inverse prediction method given in \cite{massart97} since it also covers the
-case of weighted regression. Studies of the IUPAC orange book and of DIN 32645
-as well as publications by Currie and the Analytical Method Committee of the 
-Royal Society of Chemistry and a nice paper by Castillo and Castells provided
-further understanding of the matter.
-
-At the moment, the package consists of four functions, working on univariate
-linear models of class \texttt{lm} or \texttt{rlm}, plus to datasets for
-validation.
-
-A \href{http://bugs.r-project.org/cgi-bin/R/wishlst-fulfilled?id=8877;user=guest}{bug
-report (PR\#8877)} and the following e-mail exchange on the r-devel mailing list about
-prediction intervals from weighted regression entailed some further studies
-on this subject. However, I did not encounter any proof or explanation of the
-formula cited below yet, so I can't really confirm that Massart's method is correct.
-
-When calibrating an analytical method, the first task is to generate a suitable
-model. If we want to use the \texttt{chemCal} functions, we will have to restrict
-ourselves to univariate, possibly weighted, linear regression so far.
-
-Once such a model has been created, the calibration can be graphically
-shown by using the \texttt{calplot} function:
-
-\begin{Schunk}
-\begin{Sinput}
-> library(chemCal)
-> data(massart97ex3)
-> m0 <- lm(y ~ x, data = massart97ex3)
-> calplot(m0)
-\end{Sinput}
-\end{Schunk}
-\includegraphics{chemCal-001}
-
-As we can see, the scatter increases with increasing x. This is also
-illustrated by one of the diagnostic plots for linear models 
-provided by R: 
-
-\begin{Schunk}
-\begin{Sinput}
-> plot(m0, which = 3)
-\end{Sinput}
-\end{Schunk}
-\includegraphics{chemCal-002}
-
-Therefore, in Example 8 in \cite{massart97} weighted regression
-is proposed which can be reproduced by
-
-\begin{Schunk}
-\begin{Sinput}
-> attach(massart97ex3)
-> yx <- split(y, x)
-> ybar <- sapply(yx, mean)
-> s <- round(sapply(yx, sd), digits = 2)
-> w <- round(1/(s^2), digits = 3)
-> weights <- w[factor(x)]
-> m <- lm(y ~ x, w = weights)
-\end{Sinput}
-\end{Schunk}
-
-If we now want to predict a new x value from measured y values,
-we use the \texttt{inverse.predict} function:
-
-\begin{Schunk}
-\begin{Sinput}
-> inverse.predict(m, 15, ws = 1.67)
-\end{Sinput}
-\begin{Soutput}
-$Prediction
-[1] 5.865367
-
-$`Standard Error`
-[1] 0.892611
-
-$Confidence
-[1] 2.478285
-
-$`Confidence Limits`
-[1] 3.387082 8.343652
-\end{Soutput}
-\begin{Sinput}
-> inverse.predict(m, 90, ws = 0.145)
-\end{Sinput}
-\begin{Soutput}
-$Prediction
-[1] 44.06025
-
-$`Standard Error`
-[1] 2.829162
-
-$Confidence
-[1] 7.855012
-
-$`Confidence Limits`
-[1] 36.20523 51.91526
-\end{Soutput}
-\end{Schunk}
-
-The weight \texttt{ws} assigned to the measured y value has to be 
-given by the user in the case of weighted regression, or alternatively,
-the approximate variance \texttt{var.s} at this location.
-
-\section*{Theory for \texttt{inverse.predict}}
-Equation 8.28 in \cite{massart97} gives a general equation for predicting the
-standard error $s_{\hat{x_s}}$ for an x value predicted from measurements of y
-according to the linear calibration function $ y = b_0 + b_1 \cdot x$:
-
-\begin{equation}
-s_{\hat{x_s}} = \frac{s_e}{b_1} \sqrt{\frac{1}{w_s m} + \frac{1}{\sum{w_i}} +
-    \frac{(\bar{y_s} - \bar{y_w})^2 \sum{w_i}}
-        {{b_1}^2 \left( \sum{w_i} \sum{w_i {x_i}^2} - 
-            {\left( \sum{ w_i x_i } \right)}^2 \right) }}
-\end{equation}
-
-with
-
-\begin{equation}
-s_e = \sqrt{ \frac{\sum w_i (y_i - \hat{y_i})^2}{n - 2}}
-\end{equation}
-
-where $w_i$ is the weight for calibration standard $i$, $y_i$ is the mean $y$
-value (!) observed for standard $i$, $\hat{y_i}$ is the estimated value for
-standard $i$, $n$ is the number calibration standards, $w_s$ is the weight
-attributed to the sample $s$, $m$ is the number of replicate measurements of
-sample $s$, $\bar{y_s}$ is the mean response for the sample, 
-$\bar{y_w} = \frac{\sum{w_i y_i}}{\sum{w_i}}$ is the weighted mean of responses
-$y_i$, and $x_i$ is the given $x$ value for standard $i$.
-
-The weight $w_s$ for the sample should be estimated or calculated in accordance
-to the weights used in the linear regression. 
-
-I adjusted the above equation in order to be able to take a different
-precisions in standards and samples into account. In analogy to Equation 8.26
-from \cite{massart97} we get
-
-\begin{equation}
-s_{\hat{x_s}} = \frac{1}{b_1} \sqrt{\frac{{s_s}^2}{w_s m} + 
-    {s_e}^2 \left( \frac{1}{\sum{w_i}} +
-        \frac{(\bar{y_s} - \bar{y_w})^2 \sum{w_i}}
-            {{b_1}^2 \left( \sum{w_i} \sum{w_i {x_i}^2} - {\left( \sum{ w_i x_i } \right)}^2 \right) } \right) }
-\end{equation}
-
-where I interpret $\frac{{s_s}^2}{w_s}$ as an estimator of the variance at location
-$\hat{x_s}$, which can be replaced by a user-specified value using the argument
-\texttt{var.s} of the function \texttt{inverse.predict}.
-
-\begin{thebibliography}{1}
-\bibitem{massart97}
-Massart, L.M, Vandenginste, B.G.M., Buydens, L.M.C., De Jong, S., Lewi, P.J.,
-Smeyers-Verbeke, J. 
-\newblock Handbook of Chemometrics and Qualimetrics: Part A,
-\newblock Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997
-\end{thebibliography}
-
-\end{document}
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