From 5c15ef747568b3a9a9c094b6aa546dc80e3aa87a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Johannes Ranke Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 20:10:01 +0200 Subject: intervals() methods, more DFOP/tc variants --- NAMESPACE | 4 + NEWS.md | 2 + R/intervals.R | 179 ++++++++++++++ R/nlmixr.R | 4 +- _pkgdown.yml | 3 + docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html | 274 +++++++++++++++++---- .../f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const-1.png | Bin 174055 -> 195559 bytes .../figure-html/f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc-1.png | Bin 162039 -> 167023 bytes .../f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k-1.png | Bin 0 -> 156319 bytes .../f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1k-1.png | Bin 0 -> 162039 bytes .../f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const-1.png | Bin 142453 -> 145173 bytes .../figure-html/f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc-1.png | Bin 144010 -> 150391 bytes .../figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k-1.png | Bin 0 -> 39487 bytes .../figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin-1.png | Bin 0 -> 44861 bytes .../f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k-1.png | Bin 0 -> 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docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k-1.png create mode 100644 docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin-1.png create mode 100644 docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k-1.png create mode 100644 docs/dev/reference/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.html create mode 100644 docs/dev/reference/intervals.saem.mmkin.html create mode 100644 man/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.Rd create mode 100644 man/intervals.saem.mmkin.Rd delete mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.R create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k-1.png create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k-2.png create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1k-1.png create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_manymoreiter-1.png create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k-1.png create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_manymoreiter-1.png create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin-1.png create mode 100644 vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k-1.png diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE index aa40b570..aa3899ac 100644 --- a/NAMESPACE +++ b/NAMESPACE @@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ S3method(aw,mmkin) S3method(confint,mkinfit) S3method(f_time_norm_focus,mkindsg) S3method(f_time_norm_focus,numeric) +S3method(intervals,nlmixr.mmkin) +S3method(intervals,saem.mmkin) S3method(loftest,mkinfit) S3method(logLik,mkinfit) S3method(lrtest,mkinfit) @@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ export(endpoints) export(f_time_norm_focus) export(get_deg_func) export(ilr) +export(intervals) export(invilr) export(invtffm0) export(loftest) @@ -112,6 +115,7 @@ importFrom(dplyr,"%>%") importFrom(grDevices,dev.cur) importFrom(lmtest,lrtest) importFrom(methods,signature) +importFrom(nlme,intervals) importFrom(nlmixr,nlmixr) importFrom(nlmixr,tableControl) importFrom(parallel,detectCores) diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md index b4c0d8f4..cb5b3bf7 100644 --- a/NEWS.md +++ b/NEWS.md @@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ - 'vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.rmd': Example evaluations of the dimethenamid data. +- 'intervals': Provide methods of this nlme function for 'nlmixr.mmkin' and 'saem.mmkin' objects. + # mkin 1.0.5 (2021-09-15) - 'dimethenamid_2018': Correct the data for the Borstel soil. The five observations from Staudenmaier (2013) that were previously stored as "Borstel 2" are actually just a subset of the 16 observations in "Borstel 1" which is now simply "Borstel" diff --git a/R/intervals.R b/R/intervals.R new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e2d342f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/R/intervals.R @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +#' @importFrom nlme intervals +#' @export +nlme::intervals + +#' Confidence intervals for parameters in saem.mmkin objects +#' +#' @param object The fitted saem.mmkin object +#' @param level The confidence level. Must be the default of 0.95 as this is what +#' is available in the saemix object +#' @param backtransform In case the model was fitted with mkin transformations, +#' should we backtransform the parameters where a one to one correlation +#' between transformed and backtransformed parameters exists? +#' @return An object with 'intervals.saem.mmkin' and 'intervals.lme' in the +#' class attribute +#' @export +intervals.saem.mmkin <- function(object, level = 0.95, backtransform = TRUE, ...) +{ + if (!identical(level, 0.95)) { + stop("Confidence intervals are only available for a level of 95%") + } + + mod_vars <- names(object$mkinmod$diffs) + + pnames <- names(object$mean_dp_start) + + # Confidence intervals are available in the SaemixObject, so + # we just need to extract them and put them into a list modelled + # after the result of nlme::intervals.lme + + conf.int <- object$so@results@conf.int + rownames(conf.int) <- conf.int$name + colnames(conf.int)[2] <- "est." + confint_trans <- as.matrix(conf.int[pnames, c("lower", "est.", "upper")]) + + # Fixed effects + # In case objects were produced by earlier versions of saem + if (is.null(object$transformations)) object$transformations <- "mkin" + + if (object$transformations == "mkin" & backtransform) { + bp <- backtransform_odeparms(confint_trans[, "est."], object$mkinmod, + object$transform_rates, object$transform_fractions) + bpnames <- names(bp) + + # Transform boundaries of CI for one parameter at a time, + # with the exception of sets of formation fractions (single fractions are OK). + f_names_skip <- character(0) + for (box in mod_vars) { # Figure out sets of fractions to skip + f_names <- grep(paste("^f", box, sep = "_"), pnames, value = TRUE) + n_paths <- length(f_names) + if (n_paths > 1) f_names_skip <- c(f_names_skip, f_names) + } + + confint_back <- matrix(NA, nrow = length(bp), ncol = 3, + dimnames = list(bpnames, colnames(confint_trans))) + confint_back[, "est."] <- bp + + for (pname in pnames) { + if (!pname %in% f_names_skip) { + par.lower <- confint_trans[pname, "lower"] + par.upper <- confint_trans[pname, "upper"] + names(par.lower) <- names(par.upper) <- pname + bpl <- backtransform_odeparms(par.lower, object$mkinmod, + object$transform_rates, + object$transform_fractions) + bpu <- backtransform_odeparms(par.upper, object$mkinmod, + object$transform_rates, + object$transform_fractions) + confint_back[names(bpl), "lower"] <- bpl + confint_back[names(bpu), "upper"] <- bpu + } + } + confint_ret <- confint_back + } else { + confint_ret <- confint_trans + } + attr(confint_ret, "label") <- "Fixed effects:" + + # Random effects + ranef_ret <- as.matrix(conf.int[paste0("SD.", pnames), c("lower", "est.", "upper")]) + rownames(ranef_ret) <- paste0(gsub("SD\\.", "sd(", rownames(ranef_ret)), ")") + attr(ranef_ret, "label") <- "Random effects:" + + + # Error model + enames <- if (object$err_mod == "const") "a.1" else c("a.1", "b.1") + err_ret <- as.matrix(conf.int[enames, c("lower", "est.", "upper")]) + + res <- list( + fixed = confint_ret, + random = ranef_ret, + errmod = err_ret + ) + class(res) <- c("intervals.saemix.mmkin", "intervals.lme") + attr(res, "level") <- level + return(res) +} + +#' Confidence intervals for parameters in nlmixr.mmkin objects +#' +#' @param object The fitted saem.mmkin object +#' @param level The confidence level. +#' @param backtransform Should we backtransform the parameters where a one to +#' one correlation between transformed and backtransformed parameters exists? +#' @importFrom nlme intervals +#' @return An object with 'intervals.saem.mmkin' and 'intervals.lme' in the +#' class attribute +#' @export +intervals.nlmixr.mmkin <- function(object, level = 0.95, backtransform = TRUE, ...) +{ + + # Fixed effects + mod_vars <- names(object$mkinmod$diffs) + + conf.int <- confint(object$nm) + dpnames <- setdiff(rownames(conf.int), names(object$mean_ep_start)) + ndp <- length(dpnames) + + confint_trans <- as.matrix(conf.int[dpnames, c(3, 1, 4)]) + colnames(confint_trans) <- c("lower", "est.", "upper") + + if (backtransform) { + bp <- backtransform_odeparms(confint_trans[, "est."], object$mkinmod, + object$transform_rates, object$transform_fractions) + bpnames <- names(bp) + + # Transform boundaries of CI for one parameter at a time, + # with the exception of sets of formation fractions (single fractions are OK). + f_names_skip <- character(0) + for (box in mod_vars) { # Figure out sets of fractions to skip + f_names <- grep(paste("^f", box, sep = "_"), dpnames, value = TRUE) + n_paths <- length(f_names) + if (n_paths > 1) f_names_skip <- c(f_names_skip, f_names) + } + + confint_back <- matrix(NA, nrow = length(bp), ncol = 3, + dimnames = list(bpnames, colnames(confint_trans))) + confint_back[, "est."] <- bp + + for (pname in dpnames) { + if (!pname %in% f_names_skip) { + par.lower <- confint_trans[pname, "lower"] + par.upper <- confint_trans[pname, "upper"] + names(par.lower) <- names(par.upper) <- pname + bpl <- backtransform_odeparms(par.lower, object$mkinmod, + object$transform_rates, + object$transform_fractions) + bpu <- backtransform_odeparms(par.upper, object$mkinmod, + object$transform_rates, + object$transform_fractions) + confint_back[names(bpl), "lower"] <- bpl + confint_back[names(bpu), "upper"] <- bpu + } + } + confint_ret <- confint_back + } else { + confint_ret <- confint_trans + } + attr(confint_ret, "label") <- "Fixed effects:" + + # Random effects + ranef_ret <- as.matrix(data.frame(lower = NA, + "est." = sqrt(diag(object$nm$omega)), upper = NA)) + rownames(ranef_ret) <- paste0(gsub("eta\\.", "sd(", rownames(ranef_ret)), ")") + attr(ranef_ret, "label") <- "Random effects:" + + # Error model + enames <- names(object$nm$sigma) + err_ret <- as.matrix(conf.int[enames, c(3, 1, 4)]) + colnames(err_ret) <- c("lower", "est.", "upper") + + res <- list( + fixed = confint_ret, + random = ranef_ret, + errmod = err_ret + ) + class(res) <- c("intervals.nlmixr.mmkin", "intervals.lme") + attr(res, "level") <- level + return(res) +} diff --git a/R/nlmixr.R b/R/nlmixr.R index 9c364c4f..5f7950ed 100644 --- a/R/nlmixr.R +++ b/R/nlmixr.R @@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ nlmixr::nlmixr #' for parameter that are tested if requested by 'test_log_parms'. #' @param data Not used, as the data are extracted from the mmkin row object #' @param table Passed to [nlmixr::nlmixr] -#' @param error_model Possibility to override the error model which is being -#' set based on the error model used in the mmkin row object. +#' @param error_model Optional argument to override the error model which is +#' being set based on the error model used in the mmkin row object. #' @param control Passed to [nlmixr::nlmixr] #' @param \dots Passed to [nlmixr_model] #' @param save Passed to [nlmixr::nlmixr] diff --git a/_pkgdown.yml b/_pkgdown.yml index f0a95468..ec9bfb1b 100644 --- a/_pkgdown.yml +++ b/_pkgdown.yml @@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ reference: - get_deg_func - saemix_model - mixed + - intervals + - intervals.saem.mmkin + - intervals.nlmixr.mmkin - title: Datasets and known results contents: - focus_soil_moisture diff --git a/docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html b/docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html index 26b352e1..aa84435d 100644 --- a/docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html +++ b/docs/dev/articles/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@

Example evaluations of the dimethenamid data from 2018

Johannes Ranke

-

Last change 17 September 2021, built on 17 Sep 2021

+

Last change 27 September 2021, built on 27 Sep 2021

Source: vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.rmd @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@

nlme

-

The nlme package was the first R extension providing facilities to fit nonlinear mixed-effects models. We would like to do model selection from all four combinations of degradation models and error models based on the AIC. However, fitting the DFOP model with constant variance and using default control parameters results in an error, signalling that the maximum number of 50 iterations was reached, potentially indicating overparameterisation. However, the algorithm converges when the two-component error model is used in combination with the DFOP model. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller residues observed at later sampling times get more weight when using the two-component error model which will counteract the tendency of the algorithm to try parameter combinations unsuitable for fitting these data.

+

The nlme package was the first R extension providing facilities to fit nonlinear mixed-effects models. We would like to do model selection from all four combinations of degradation models and error models based on the AIC. However, fitting the DFOP model with constant variance and using default control parameters results in an error, signalling that the maximum number of 50 iterations was reached, potentially indicating overparameterisation. Nevertheless, the algorithm converges when the two-component error model is used in combination with the DFOP model. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller residues observed at later sampling times get more weight when using the two-component error model which will counteract the tendency of the algorithm to try parameter combinations unsuitable for fitting these data.

 library(nlme)
 f_parent_nlme_sfo_const <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ])
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
 f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ])
 f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ])

Note that a certain degree of overparameterisation is also indicated by a warning obtained when fitting DFOP with the two-component error model (‘false convergence’ in the ‘LME step’ in iteration 3). However, as this warning does not occur in later iterations, and specifically not in the last of the 6 iterations, we can ignore this warning.

-

The model comparison function of the nlme package can directly be applied to these fits showing a much lower AIC for the DFOP model fitted with the two-component error model. Also, the likelihood ratio test indicates that this difference is significant. as the p-value is below 0.0001.

+

The model comparison function of the nlme package can directly be applied to these fits showing a much lower AIC for the DFOP model fitted with the two-component error model. Also, the likelihood ratio test indicates that this difference is significant as the p-value is below 0.0001.

 anova(
   f_parent_nlme_sfo_const, f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc, f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc
@@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc       3 10 671.91 702.34 -325.96 2 vs 3  134.69  <.0001
 
 library(saemix)
 saemix_control <- saemixControl(nbiter.saemix = c(800, 300), nb.chains = 15,
+    print = FALSE, save = FALSE, save.graphs = FALSE, displayProgress = FALSE)
+saemix_control_10k <- saemixControl(nbiter.saemix = c(10000, 1000), nb.chains = 15,
     print = FALSE, save = FALSE, save.graphs = FALSE, displayProgress = FALSE)

 
The convergence plot for the SFO model using constant variance is shown below.

 
@@ -229,35 +231,65 @@ f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc       3 10 671.91 702.34 -325.96 2 vs 3  134.69  <.0001
   control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
 plot(f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so, plot.type = "convergence")

 

-
When fitting the DFOP model with constant variance, parameter convergence is not as unambiguous (see the failure of nlme with the default number of iterations above). Therefore, the number of iterations in the first phase of the algorithm was increased, leading to visually satisfying convergence.

+
When fitting the DFOP model with constant variance (see below), parameter convergence is not as unambiguous.

 
 f_parent_saemix_dfop_const <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
   control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
 plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so, plot.type = "convergence")

 

-
The same applies in the case where the DFOP model is fitted with the two-component error model. Convergence of the variance of k2 is enhanced by using the two-component error, it remains more or less stable already after 200 iterations of the first phase.

+
This is improved when the DFOP model is fitted with the two-component error model. Convergence of the variance of k2 is enhanced, it remains more or less stable already after 200 iterations of the first phase.

 
 f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
   control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
 plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, plot.type = "convergence")

-
 The four combinations and including the variations of the DFOP/tc combination can be compared using the model comparison function from the saemix package:

+

+
We also check if using many more iterations (10 000 for the first and 1000 for the second phase) improve the result in a significant way. The AIC values obtained are compared further below.

 
-compare.saemix(
+f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
+  control = saemix_control_10k, transformations = "saemix")
+plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k$so, plot.type = "convergence")

+

+
An alternative way to fit DFOP in combination with the two-component error model is to use the model formulation with transformed parameters as used per default in mkin.

+
+f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
+  control = saemix_control, transformations = "mkin")
+plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin$so, plot.type = "convergence")

+

+
As the convergence plots do not clearly indicate that the algorithm has converged, we again use a much larger number of iterations, which leads to satisfactory convergence (see below).

+
+f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
+  control = saemix_control_10k, transformations = "mkin")
+plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k$so, plot.type = "convergence")

+

+
The four combinations (SFO/const, SFO/tc, DFOP/const and DFOP/tc), including the variations of the DFOP/tc combination can be compared using the model comparison function of the saemix package:

+
+AIC_parent_saemix <- saemix::compare.saemix(
   f_parent_saemix_sfo_const$so,
   f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so,
   f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so,
-  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)

+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so,
+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k$so,
+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin$so,
+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k$so)
Likelihoods calculated by importance sampling
-
     AIC    BIC
-1 796.37 795.33
-2 798.37 797.13
-3 713.16 711.28
-4 666.10 664.01
-

As in the case of nlme fits, the DFOP model fitted with two-component error (number 4) gives the lowest AIC. Using more iterations and/or more chains does not have a large influence on the final AIC (not shown).

+
+rownames(AIC_parent_saemix) <- c(
+  "SFO const", "SFO tc", "DFOP const", "DFOP tc", "DFOP tc more iterations",
+  "DFOP tc mkintrans", "DFOP tc mkintrans more iterations")
+print(AIC_parent_saemix)
+
                                     AIC    BIC
+SFO const                         796.37 795.33
+SFO tc                            798.37 797.13
+DFOP const                        713.16 711.28
+DFOP tc                           666.10 664.01
+DFOP tc more iterations           666.15 664.06
+DFOP tc mkintrans                 682.26 680.17
+DFOP tc mkintrans more iterations 666.12 664.04
+

As in the case of nlme fits, the DFOP model fitted with two-component error (number 4) gives the lowest AIC. Using a much larger number of iterations does not improve the fit a lot. When the mkin transformations are used instead of the saemix transformations, this large number of iterations leads to a goodness of fit that is comparable to the result obtained with saemix transformations.

In order to check the influence of the likelihood calculation algorithms implemented in saemix, the likelihood from Gaussian quadrature is added to the best fit, and the AIC values obtained from the three methods are compared.

-
+
 f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so <-
-  llgq.saemix(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
+  saemix::llgq.saemix(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
 AIC_parent_saemix_methods <- c(
   is = AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "is"),
   gq = AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "gq"),
@@ -273,19 +305,19 @@ f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc       3 10 671.91 702.34 -325.96 2 vs 3  134.69  <.0001
 nlmixr
 
In the last years, a lot of effort has been put into the nlmixr package which is designed for pharmacokinetics, where nonlinear mixed-effects models are routinely used, but which can also be used for related data like chemical degradation data. A current development branch of the mkin package provides an interface between mkin and nlmixr. Here, we check if we get equivalent results when using a refined version of the First Order Conditional Estimation (FOCE) algorithm used in nlme, namely the First Order Conditional Estimation with Interaction (FOCEI), and the SAEM algorithm as implemented in nlmixr.

 
First, the focei algorithm is used for the four model combinations. A number of warnings are produced with unclear significance.

-
+
 library(nlmixr)
 f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], est = "focei")
 f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], est = "focei")
 f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], est = "focei")
 f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_tc<- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "focei")

-
+
 aic_nlmixr_focei <- sapply(
   list(f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_tc$nm,
     f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_tc$nm),
   AIC)

 
The AIC values are very close to the ones obtained with nlme which are repeated below for convenience.

-
+
 aic_nlme <- sapply(
   list(f_parent_nlme_sfo_const, NA, f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc, f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc),
   function(x) if (is.na(x[1])) NA else AIC(x))
@@ -297,48 +329,70 @@ f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc       3 10 671.91 702.34 -325.96 2 vs 3  134.69  <.0001
   check.names = FALSE
 )

 
Secondly, we use the SAEM estimation routine and check the convergence plots. The control parameters also used for the saemix fits are defined beforehand.

-
-nlmixr_saem_control <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
-  nBurn = 1000, nEm = 300, nmc = 15)

+
+nlmixr_saem_control_800 <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
+  nBurn = 800, nEm = 300, nmc = 15)
+nlmixr_saem_control_1000 <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
+  nBurn = 1000, nEm = 300, nmc = 15)
+nlmixr_saem_control_10k <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
+  nBurn = 10000, nEm = 1000, nmc = 15)

 
The we fit SFO with constant variance

-
+
 f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_800)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm)

 

 
and SFO with two-component error.

-
+
 f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_800)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm)

 

 
For DFOP with constant variance, the convergence plots show considerable instability of the fit, which indicates overparameterisation which was already observed earlier for this model combination.

-
+
 f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_800)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm)

 

 
For DFOP with two-component error, a less erratic convergence is seen.

-
+
 f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_800)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm)

 

-
The AIC values are internally calculated using Gaussian quadrature. For an unknown reason, the AIC value obtained for the DFOP fit using constant error is given as Infinity.

-
+
To check if an increase in the number of iterations improves the fit, we repeat the fit with 1000 iterations for the burn in phase and 300 iterations for the second phase.

+
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000 <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_1000)
+traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm)

+

+
Here the fit looks very similar, but we will see below that it shows a higher AIC than the fit with 800 iterations in the burn in phase. Next we choose 10 000 iterations for the burn in phase and 1000 iterations for the second phase for comparison with saemix.

+
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_10k)
+traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm)

+

+
In the above convergence plot, the time course of ‘eta.DMTA_0’ and ‘log_k2’ indicate a false convergence.

+
The AIC values are internally calculated using Gaussian quadrature.

+
 AIC(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm,
-  f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm)

-
                                   df    AIC
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm   5 798.68
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm      6 808.88
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm  9 815.95
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm    10 669.57

+  f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm,
+  f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm,
+  f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm)

+
                                     df    AIC
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm     5 798.69
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm        6 810.33
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm    9 736.00
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm      10 664.85
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm 10 669.57
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm  10    Inf

+
We can see that again, the DFOP/tc model shows the best goodness of fit. However, increasing the number of burn-in iterations from 800 to 1000 results in a higher AIC. If we further increase the number of iterations to 10 000 (burn-in) and 1000 (second phase), the AIC cannot be calculated for the nlmixr/saem fit, supporting that the fit did not converge properly.

 

 

 

 Comparison

-
The following table gives the AIC values obtained with the three packages.

-
+
The following table gives the AIC values obtained with the three packages using the same control parameters (800 iterations burn-in, 300 iterations second phase, 15 chains).

+
 AIC_all <- data.frame(
   check.names = FALSE,
   "Degradation model" = c("SFO", "SFO", "DFOP", "DFOP"),
@@ -368,7 +422,7 @@ f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm    10 669.57

 796.60
 796.62
 796.37
-798.68
+798.69
 
 
 SFO
@@ -376,7 +430,7 @@ f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm    10 669.57

 798.60
 798.61
 798.37
-808.88
+810.33
 
 
 DFOP
@@ -384,7 +438,7 @@ f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm    10 669.57

 NA
 750.91
 713.16
-815.95
+736.00
 
 
 DFOP
@@ -392,10 +446,142 @@ f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm    10 669.57

 671.91
 666.60
 666.10
-669.57
+664.85
 
 
 
+
+intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc)

+
Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.2802274 98.2761977 100.272168
+k1      0.0339753  0.0645487   0.095122
+k2      0.0058977  0.0088887   0.011880
+g       0.9064373  0.9514417   0.996446
+
+ Random effects:
+              lower     est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)  0.44404 2.102366 3.76069
+sd(k1)      0.25433 0.589731 0.92514
+sd(k2)     -0.33139 0.099797 0.53099
+sd(g)       0.39606 1.092234 1.78841
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.863644 1.063021 1.262398
+b.1 0.022555 0.029599 0.036643

+
+intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc)

+
Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.2802274 98.2761977 100.272168
+k1      0.0339753  0.0645487   0.095122
+k2      0.0058977  0.0088887   0.011880
+g       0.9064373  0.9514417   0.996446
+
+ Random effects:
+              lower     est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)  0.44404 2.102366 3.76069
+sd(k1)      0.25433 0.589731 0.92514
+sd(k2)     -0.33139 0.099797 0.53099
+sd(g)       0.39606 1.092234 1.78841
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.863644 1.063021 1.262398
+b.1 0.022555 0.029599 0.036643

+
+intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k)

+
Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.3027896 98.2641150 100.225440
+k1      0.0338214  0.0644055   0.094990
+k2      0.0058857  0.0087896   0.011693
+g       0.9086138  0.9521421   0.995670
+
+ Random effects:
+              lower    est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)  0.41448 2.05327 3.69206
+sd(k1)      0.25507 0.59132 0.92758
+sd(k2)     -0.36781 0.09016 0.54813
+sd(g)       0.38585 1.06994 1.75402
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.866273 1.066115 1.265957
+b.1 0.022501 0.029541 0.036581

+
+intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k)

+
Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.3021306 98.2736091 100.245088
+k1      0.0401701  0.0645140   0.103611
+k2      0.0064706  0.0089398   0.012351
+g       0.8817692  0.9511605   0.980716
+
+ Random effects:
+                lower     est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)    0.42392 2.068018 3.71212
+sd(log_k1)    0.25440 0.589877 0.92536
+sd(log_k2)   -0.38431 0.084334 0.55298
+sd(g_qlogis)  0.39107 1.077303 1.76353
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.865291 1.064897 1.264504
+b.1 0.022491 0.029526 0.036561

+
+intervals(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc)

+
Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.3059406 98.2990616 100.292183
+k1      0.0402306  0.0648255   0.104456
+k2      0.0067864  0.0093097   0.012771
+g       0.8769017  0.9505258   0.981067
+
+ Random effects:
+             lower     est. upper
+sd(DMTA_0)      NA 1.724654    NA
+sd(log_k1)      NA 0.592808    NA
+sd(log_k2)      NA 0.010741    NA
+sd(g_qlogis)    NA 1.087349    NA
+
+ 
+          lower     est. upper
+sigma_low    NA 1.081809    NA
+rsd_high     NA 0.032051    NA

+
+intervals(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k)

+
Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+           lower       est.     upper
+DMTA_0 96.426510 97.8987836 99.371057
+k1      0.040006  0.0644407  0.103799
+k2      0.006748  0.0092476  0.012673
+g       0.879251  0.9511399  0.981147
+
+ Random effects:
+             lower       est. upper
+sd(DMTA_0)      NA 3.7049e-04    NA
+sd(log_k1)      NA 5.9221e-01    NA
+sd(log_k2)      NA 3.8628e-07    NA
+sd(g_qlogis)    NA 1.0694e+00    NA
+
+ 
+          lower     est. upper
+sigma_low    NA 1.082343    NA
+rsd_high     NA 0.034895    NA

 

 

 

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diff --git a/docs/dev/news/index.html b/docs/dev/news/index.html
index f3cc89d9..2a6b3d9d 100644
--- a/docs/dev/news/index.html
+++ b/docs/dev/news/index.html
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@
 
  • ‘mean_degparms’: New argument ‘test_log_parms’ that makes the function only consider log-transformed parameters where the untransformed parameters pass the t-test for a certain confidence level. This can be used to obtain more plausible starting parameters for the different mixed-effects model backends
    • 
 
  • ‘plot.mixed.mmkin’: Gains arguments ‘test_log_parms’ and ‘conf.level’
    • 
 
  • ‘vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.rmd’: Example evaluations of the dimethenamid data.
    • 
+
  • ‘intervals’: Provide methods of this nlme function for ‘nlmixr.mmkin’ and ‘saem.mmkin’ objects.
    • 
 
 
    
 
    
diff --git a/docs/dev/pkgdown.yml b/docs/dev/pkgdown.yml
index 256387c1..e52da77d 100644
--- a/docs/dev/pkgdown.yml
+++ b/docs/dev/pkgdown.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ articles:
   web_only/benchmarks: benchmarks.html
   web_only/compiled_models: compiled_models.html
   web_only/dimethenamid_2018: dimethenamid_2018.html
-last_built: 2021-09-17T06:44Z
+last_built: 2021-09-27T18:09Z
 urls:
   reference: https://pkgdown.jrwb.de/mkin/reference
   article: https://pkgdown.jrwb.de/mkin/articles
diff --git a/docs/dev/reference/Rplot001.png b/docs/dev/reference/Rplot001.png
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index d5ec387a..092e35c8 100644
--- a/docs/dev/reference/index.html
+++ b/docs/dev/reference/index.html
@@ -370,6 +370,24 @@ of an mmkin object
    
           
    mixed() print(<mixed.mmkin>) 
    
         
         
    Create a mixed effects model from an mmkin row object
    
+      
+        
+        
+          
    reexports 
    
+        
+        
    Objects exported from other packages
    
+      
+        
+        
+          
    intervals(<saem.mmkin>) 
    
+        
+        
    Confidence intervals for parameters in saem.mmkin objects
    
+      
+        
+        
+          
    intervals(<nlmixr.mmkin>) 
    
+        
+        
    Confidence intervals for parameters in nlmixr.mmkin objects
    
       
     
       
diff --git a/docs/dev/reference/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.html b/docs/dev/reference/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccc348b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/dev/reference/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.html
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+Confidence intervals for parameters in nlmixr.mmkin objects — intervals.nlmixr.mmkin • mkin
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
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+  
+
+  
+    
    
+      
    
+      
+
+      
+
+      
    
+
+
    
+  
    
+    
    
+    
    Confidence intervals for parameters in nlmixr.mmkin objects
    
+    Source: R/intervals.R
+    
+    
    
+
+    
    
+    
    Confidence intervals for parameters in nlmixr.mmkin objects
    
+    
    
+
+    
    # S3 method for nlmixr.mmkin
+intervals(object, level = 0.95, backtransform = TRUE, ...)
    
+
+    
    Arguments
    
+    
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
    object
    The fitted saem.mmkin object
    level
    The confidence level.
    backtransform
    Should we backtransform the parameters where a one to
+one correlation between transformed and backtransformed parameters exists?
    
+
+    
    Value
    
+
+    
    An object with 'intervals.saem.mmkin' and 'intervals.lme' in the
+class attribute
    
+
+  
    
+  
+
    
+
+
+      
    
+      
    
+  
    Developed by Johannes Ranke.
    
+
    
+
+
    
+  
    Site built with pkgdown 1.6.1.
    
+
    
+
+      
    
+   
    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+
+
diff --git a/docs/dev/reference/intervals.saem.mmkin.html b/docs/dev/reference/intervals.saem.mmkin.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a160b21d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/dev/reference/intervals.saem.mmkin.html
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+Confidence intervals for parameters in saem.mmkin objects — intervals.saem.mmkin • mkin
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+  
+
+  
+    
    
+      
    
+      
+
+      
+
+      
    
+
+
    
+  
    
+    
    
+    
    Confidence intervals for parameters in saem.mmkin objects
    
+    Source: R/intervals.R
+    
+    
    
+
+    
    
+    
    Confidence intervals for parameters in saem.mmkin objects
    
+    
    
+
+    
    # S3 method for saem.mmkin
+intervals(object, level = 0.95, backtransform = TRUE, ...)
    
+
+    
    Arguments
    
+    
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
    object
    The fitted saem.mmkin object
    level
    The confidence level. Must be the default of 0.95 as this is what
+is available in the saemix object
    backtransform
    In case the model was fitted with mkin transformations,
+should we backtransform the parameters where a one to one correlation
+between transformed and backtransformed parameters exists?
    
+
+    
    Value
    
+
+    
    An object with 'intervals.saem.mmkin' and 'intervals.lme' in the
+class attribute
    
+
+  
    
+  
+
    
+
+
+      
    
+      
    
+  
    Developed by Johannes Ranke.
    
+
    
+
+
    
+  
    Site built with pkgdown 1.6.1.
    
+
    
+
+      
    
+   
    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+
+
diff --git a/docs/dev/reference/nlmixr.mmkin.html b/docs/dev/reference/nlmixr.mmkin.html
index db114483..568078c6 100644
--- a/docs/dev/reference/nlmixr.mmkin.html
+++ b/docs/dev/reference/nlmixr.mmkin.html
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ Expectation Maximisation algorithm (SAEM).
    
     
     
       error_model
-      
    Possibility to override the error model which is being
-set based on the error model used in the mmkin row object.
    
+      
    Optional argument to override the error model which is
+being set based on the error model used in the mmkin row object.
    
     
     
       test_log_parms
@@ -290,7 +290,8 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using = 1, quiet = TRUE)
 
 f_nlmixr_sfo_saem <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_parent["SFO", ], est = "saem")
-
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> → generate SAEM model
    #> ✔ done
    #> 1:    86.5083   -3.1968    4.1673    1.7173   48.7028
+
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> → generate SAEM model
    #> ✔ done
    #> RxODE 1.1.1 using 8 threads (see ?getRxThreads)
+#>   no cache: create with `rxCreateCache()`
    #> 1:    86.5083   -3.1968    4.1673    1.7173   48.7028
 #> 2:    87.3628   -3.1468    3.9589    1.6315   45.1225
 #> 3:    86.8866   -3.2249    3.7610    1.8212   43.0034
 #> 4:    85.9210   -3.2427    3.5729    1.7302   39.4197
@@ -4502,7 +4503,7 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using k_A1=rx_expr_11;
 #> f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[4]+THETA[4])));
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 5.579 0.328 5.909
    f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_const <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_const["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "focei")
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 5.546 0.379 5.924
    f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_const <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_const["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "focei")
 
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → calculate jacobian
    #> 
    #> → calculate sensitivities
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(f)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(R²)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling inner model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling EBE model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → compiling events FD model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> Model:
    #> cmt(parent);
 #> cmt(A1);
 #> rx_expr_6~ETA[1]+THETA[1];
@@ -4551,7 +4552,7 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using beta=exp(rx_expr_8);
 #> f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 7.125 0.34 7.462
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_const <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_const["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei")
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 6.842 0.338 7.177
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_const <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_const["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei")
 
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → calculate jacobian
    #> 
    #> → calculate sensitivities
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(f)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(R²)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling inner model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling EBE model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → compiling events FD model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> Model:
    #> cmt(parent);
 #> cmt(A1);
 #> rx_expr_6~ETA[1]+THETA[1];
@@ -4608,10 +4609,10 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> g=1/(rx_expr_20);
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 15.03 0.407 15.43
    
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 15.14 0.971 16.13
    
 # Variance by variable is supported by 'saem' and 'focei'
 f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_saem_obs <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_obs["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "saem")
-
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> → generate SAEM model
    #> ✔ done
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 1.253 0.121 1.373
    f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_obs <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_obs["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "focei")
+
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> → generate SAEM model
    #> ✔ done
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 1.271 0.123 1.393
    f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_obs <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_obs["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "focei")
 
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → calculate jacobian
    #> 
    #> → calculate sensitivities
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(f)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(R²)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling inner model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling EBE model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → compiling events FD model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> Model:
    #> cmt(parent);
 #> cmt(A1);
 #> rx_expr_6~ETA[1]+THETA[1];
@@ -4660,8 +4661,8 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using beta=exp(rx_expr_8);
 #> f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 6.487 0.387 6.872
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_saem_obs <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_obs["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "saem")
-
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> → generate SAEM model
    #> ✔ done
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 1.385 0.1 1.485
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_obs <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_obs["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei")
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 6.699 0.341 7.038
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_saem_obs <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_obs["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "saem")
+
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> → generate SAEM model
    #> ✔ done
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 1.384 0.092 1.477
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_obs <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_obs["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei")
 
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → calculate jacobian
    #> 
    #> → calculate sensitivities
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(f)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(R²)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling inner model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling EBE model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → compiling events FD model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> Model:
    #> cmt(parent);
 #> cmt(A1);
 #> rx_expr_6~ETA[1]+THETA[1];
@@ -4718,7 +4719,7 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> g=1/(rx_expr_19);
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 15.06 0.434 15.49
    
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 14.86 1.172 16.03
    
 # Identical two-component error for all variables is only possible with
 # est = 'focei' in nlmixr
 f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "focei")
@@ -4772,7 +4773,7 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using beta=exp(rx_expr_8);
 #> f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 8.599 0.38 8.975
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei")
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 8.461 0.404 8.863
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei")
 
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → calculate jacobian
    #> 
    #> → calculate sensitivities
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(f)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(R²)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling inner model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling EBE model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → compiling events FD model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> Model:
    #> cmt(parent);
 #> cmt(A1);
 #> rx_expr_6~ETA[1]+THETA[1];
@@ -4831,12 +4832,12 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> g=1/(rx_expr_21);
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 17.64 0.453 18.09
    
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 18.02 0.925 18.94
    
 # Two-component error by variable is possible with both estimation methods
 # Variance by variable is supported by 'saem' and 'focei'
 f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_saem_obs_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "saem",
   error_model = "obs_tc")
-
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 0.772 0.04 0.813
    f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_obs_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "focei",
+
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 0.782 0.02 0.803
    f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_obs_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["FOMC-SFO", ], est = "focei",
   error_model = "obs_tc")
 
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → calculate jacobian
    #> 
    #> → calculate sensitivities
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(f)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(R²)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling inner model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling EBE model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → compiling events FD model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> Model:
    #> cmt(parent);
 #> cmt(A1);
@@ -4888,9 +4889,9 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using beta=exp(rx_expr_8);
 #> f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 8.33 0.419 8.745
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_saem_obs_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "saem",
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 8.173 0.405 8.575
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_saem_obs_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "saem",
   error_model = "obs_tc")
-
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 0.832 0.032 0.866
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_obs_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei",
+
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #>  
    #> Error in configsaem(model = model, data = dat, inits = inits, mcmc = .mcmc,     ODEopt = .ODEopt, seed = .seed, distribution = .dist, DEBUG = .DEBUG,     addProp = .addProp, tol = .tol, itmax = .itmax, type = .type,     powRange = .powRange, lambdaRange = .lambdaRange): covariate(s) not found: f_parent_to_A1
    #> Timing stopped at: 0.824 0.024 0.851
    f_nlmixr_dfop_sfo_focei_obs_tc <- nlmixr(f_mmkin_tc["DFOP-SFO", ], est = "focei",
   error_model = "obs_tc")
 
    #> ℹ parameter labels from comments are typically ignored in non-interactive mode
    #> ℹ Need to run with the source intact to parse comments
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → creating full model...
    #> → pruning branches (`if`/`else`)...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → loading into symengine environment...
    #> ✔ done
    #> → calculate jacobian
    #> 
    #> → calculate sensitivities
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(f)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → calculate ∂(R²)/∂(η)
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in inner model...
    #> 
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in EBE model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling inner model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → finding duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → optimizing duplicate expressions in FD model...
    #> 
    #> → compiling EBE model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> → compiling events FD model...
    #>  
    #> ✔ done
    #> Model:
    #> cmt(parent);
 #> cmt(A1);
@@ -4950,7 +4951,7 @@ obtained by fitting the same model to a list of datasets using f_parent=1/(1+exp(-(ETA[3]+THETA[3])));
 #> g=1/(rx_expr_19);
 #> tad=tad();
-#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 18.15 0.42 18.57
    
+#> dosenum=dosenum();
    #> Needed Covariates:
    #> [1] "f_parent_to_A1" "CMT"           
    #> Error in (function (data, inits, PKpars, model = NULL, pred = NULL, err = NULL,     lower = -Inf, upper = Inf, fixed = NULL, skipCov = NULL,     control = foceiControl(), thetaNames = NULL, etaNames = NULL,     etaMat = NULL, ..., env = NULL, keep = NULL, drop = NULL) {    set.seed(control$seed)    .pt <- proc.time()    RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(FALSE)    on.exit(RxODE::.setWarnIdSort(TRUE))    loadNamespace("n1qn1")    if (!RxODE::rxIs(control, "foceiControl")) {        control <- do.call(foceiControl, control)    }    if (is.null(env)) {        .ret <- new.env(parent = emptyenv())    }    else {        .ret <- env    }    .ret$origData <- data    .ret$etaNames <- etaNames    .ret$thetaFixed <- fixed    .ret$control <- control    .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- integer(0)    if (is(model, "RxODE") || is(model, "character")) {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        if (class(pred) != "function") {            stop("pred must be a function specifying the prediction variables in this model.")        }    }    else {        .ret$ODEmodel <- TRUE        model <- RxODE::rxGetLin(PKpars)        pred <- eval(parse(text = "function(){return(Central);}"))    }    .square <- function(x) x * x    .ret$diagXformInv <- c(sqrt = ".square", log = "exp", identity = "identity")[control$diagXform]    if (is.null(err)) {        err <- eval(parse(text = paste0("function(){err", paste(inits$ERROR[[1]],             collapse = ""), "}")))    }    .covNames <- .parNames <- c()    .ret$adjLik <- control$adjLik    .mixed <- !is.null(inits$OMGA) && length(inits$OMGA) > 0    if (!exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssAtol <- rep(control$ssAtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ssRtol <- rep(control$ssRtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))        .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred, PKpars,             err, grad = (control$derivMethod == 2L), pred.minus.dv = TRUE,             sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,             optExpression = control$optExpression, interaction = (control$interaction ==                 1L), only.numeric = !.mixed, run.internal = TRUE,             addProp = control$addProp)        if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {            .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.atol)))            .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.rtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol            .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            .ssAtol <- c(.ssAtol, rep(control$ssAtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssAtol)))            .ssRtol <- c(.ssRtol, rep(control$ssRtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                 length(.ssRtol)))            .ret$control$rxControl$ssAtol <- .ssAtol            .ret$control$rxControl$ssRtol <- .ssRtol        }        .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)        .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",             "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) == -1]        colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {            if (any(x == .covNames)) {                return(x)            }            else {                return(toupper(x))            }        })        .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),             RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))        if (length(.lhs) > 0) {            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or(.lhs),                 end), .covNames) == -1]        }        if (length(.covNames) > 0) {            if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                message("Model:")                RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                message("Needed Covariates:")                nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")            }            message("Needed Covariates:")            print(.covNames)        }        .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars    }    else {        if (.ret$noLik) {            .atol <- rep(control$atol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .rtol <- rep(control$rtol, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(model)$state))            .ret$model <- RxODE::rxSymPySetupPred(model, pred,                 PKpars, err, grad = FALSE, pred.minus.dv = TRUE,                 sum.prod = control$sumProd, theta.derivs = FALSE,                 optExpression = control$optExpression, run.internal = TRUE,                 only.numeric = TRUE, addProp = control$addProp)            if (!is.null(.ret$model$inner)) {                .atol <- c(.atol, rep(control$atolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.atol)))                .rtol <- c(.rtol, rep(control$rtolSens, length(RxODE::rxModelVars(.ret$model$inner)$state) -                   length(.rtol)))                .ret$control$rxControl$atol <- .atol                .ret$control$rxControl$rtol <- .rtol            }            .covNames <- .parNames <- RxODE::rxParams(.ret$model$pred.only)            .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start, or("THETA",                 "ETA"), "[", numbers, "]", end), .covNames) ==                 -1]            colnames(data) <- sapply(names(data), function(x) {                if (any(x == .covNames)) {                  return(x)                }                else {                  return(toupper(x))                }            })            .lhs <- c(names(RxODE::rxInits(.ret$model$pred.only)),                 RxODE::rxLhs(.ret$model$pred.only))            if (length(.lhs) > 0) {                .covNames <- .covNames[regexpr(rex::rex(start,                   or(.lhs), end), .covNames) == -1]            }            if (length(.covNames) > 0) {                if (!all(.covNames %in% names(data))) {                  message("Model:")                  RxODE::rxCat(.ret$model$pred.only)                  message("Needed Covariates:")                  nlmixrPrint(.covNames)                  stop("Not all the covariates are in the dataset.")                }                message("Needed Covariates:")                print(.covNames)            }            .extraPars <- .ret$model$extra.pars        }        else {            .extraPars <- NULL        }    }    .ret$skipCov <- skipCov    if (is.null(skipCov)) {        if (is.null(fixed)) {            .tmp <- rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA))        }        else {            if (length(fixed) < length(inits$THTA)) {                .tmp <- c(fixed, rep(FALSE, length(inits$THTA) -                   length(fixed)))            }            else {                .tmp <- fixed[1:length(inits$THTA)]            }        }        if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {            .uifErr <- .ret$uif$ini$err[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$ntheta)]            .uifErr <- sapply(.uifErr, function(x) {                if (is.na(x)) {                  return(FALSE)                }                return(!any(x == c("pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj")))            })            .tmp <- (.tmp | .uifErr)        }        .ret$skipCov <- c(.tmp, rep(TRUE, length(.extraPars)))        .ret$control$focei.mu.ref <- .ret$uif$focei.mu.ref    }    if (is.null(.extraPars)) {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)))    }    else {        .nms <- c(sprintf("THETA[%s]", seq_along(inits$THTA)),             sprintf("ERR[%s]", seq_along(.extraPars)))    }    if (!is.null(thetaNames) && (length(inits$THTA) + length(.extraPars)) ==         length(thetaNames)) {        .nms <- thetaNames    }    .ret$thetaNames <- .nms    .thetaReset$thetaNames <- .nms    if (length(lower) == 1) {        lower <- rep(lower, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        print(inits$THTA)        print(lower)        stop("Lower must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (length(upper) == 1) {        upper <- rep(upper, length(inits$THTA))    }    else if (length(lower) != length(inits$THTA)) {        stop("Upper must be a single constant for all the THETA lower bounds, or match the dimension of THETA.")    }    if (!is.null(.extraPars)) {        .ret$model$extra.pars <- eval(call(control$diagXform,             .ret$model$extra.pars))        if (length(.ret$model$extra.pars) > 0) {            inits$THTA <- c(inits$THTA, .ret$model$extra.pars)            .lowerErr <- rep(control$atol[1] * 10, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            .upperErr <- rep(Inf, length(.ret$model$extra.pars))            lower <- c(lower, .lowerErr)            upper <- c(upper, .upperErr)        }    }    if (is.null(data$ID))         stop("\"ID\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$DV))         stop("\"DV\" not found in data")    if (is.null(data$EVID))         data$EVID <- 0    if (is.null(data$AMT))         data$AMT <- 0    for (.v in c("TIME", "AMT", "DV", .covNames)) {        data[[.v]] <- as.double(data[[.v]])    }    .ret$dataSav <- data    .ds <- data[data$EVID != 0 & data$EVID != 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "AMT", "EVID", .covNames)]    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "limit")    .limitName <- NULL    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .limitName <- names(data)[.w]    }    .censName <- NULL    .w <- which(tolower(names(data)) == "cens")    if (length(.w) == 1L) {        .censName <- names(data[.w])    }    data <- data[data$EVID == 0 | data$EVID == 2, c("ID", "TIME",         "DV", "EVID", .covNames, .limitName, .censName)]    .w <- which(!(names(.ret$dataSav) %in% c(.covNames, keep)))    names(.ret$dataSav)[.w] <- tolower(names(.ret$dataSav[.w]))    if (.mixed) {        .lh <- .parseOM(inits$OMGA)        .nlh <- sapply(.lh, length)        .osplt <- rep(1:length(.lh), .nlh)        .lini <- list(inits$THTA, unlist(.lh))        .nlini <- sapply(.lini, length)        .nsplt <- rep(1:length(.lini), .nlini)        .om0 <- .genOM(.lh)        if (length(etaNames) == dim(.om0)[1]) {            .ret$etaNames <- .ret$etaNames        }        else {            .ret$etaNames <- sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1]))        }        .ret$rxInv <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .ret$xType <- .ret$rxInv$xType        .om0a <- .om0        .om0a <- .om0a/control$diagOmegaBoundLower        .om0b <- .om0        .om0b <- .om0b * control$diagOmegaBoundUpper        .om0a <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0a, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .om0b <- RxODE::rxSymInvCholCreate(mat = .om0b, diag.xform = control$diagXform)        .omdf <- data.frame(a = .om0a$theta, m = .ret$rxInv$theta,             b = .om0b$theta, diag = .om0a$theta.diag)        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a > b, b, a))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(lower == m, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$lower <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, -Inf, lower))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(a < b, b, a))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(upper == m, Inf, upper))        .omdf$upper <- with(.omdf, ifelse(!diag, Inf, upper))        .ret$control$nomega <- length(.omdf$lower)        .ret$control$neta <- sum(.omdf$diag)        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)        lower <- c(lower, .omdf$lower)        upper <- c(upper, .omdf$upper)    }    else {        .ret$control$nomega <- 0        .ret$control$neta <- 0        .ret$xType <- -1        .ret$control$ntheta <- length(lower)        .ret$control$nfixed <- sum(fixed)    }    .ret$lower <- lower    .ret$upper <- upper    .ret$thetaIni <- inits$THTA    .scaleC <- double(length(lower))    if (is.null(control$scaleC)) {        .scaleC <- rep(NA_real_, length(lower))    }    else {        .scaleC <- as.double(control$scaleC)        if (length(lower) > length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- c(.scaleC, rep(NA_real_, length(lower) -                 length(.scaleC)))        }        else if (length(lower) < length(.scaleC)) {            .scaleC <- .scaleC[seq(1, length(lower))]            warning("scaleC control option has more options than estimated population parameters, please check.")        }    }    .ret$scaleC <- .scaleC    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)[!is.na(.ret$uif$ini$err),             c("est", "err", "ntheta")]        for (.i in seq_along(.ini$err)) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]])) {                if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("boxCox", "yeoJohnson",                   "pow2", "tbs", "tbsYj"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 1                }                else if (any(.ini$err[.i] == c("prop", "add",                   "norm", "dnorm", "logn", "dlogn", "lnorm",                   "dlnorm"))) {                  .ret$scaleC[.ini$ntheta[.i]] <- 0.5 * abs(.ini$est[.i])                }            }        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$powTheta) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1        }        .ini <- as.data.frame(.ret$uif$ini)        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$factorial) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i] +                   1))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$gamma) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- abs(1/digamma(.ini$est[.i]))        }        for (.i in .ini$model$extraProps$log) {            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i]))                 .ret$scaleC[.i] <- log(abs(.ini$est[.i])) * abs(.ini$est[.i])        }        for (.i in .ret$logitThetas) {            .b <- .ret$logitThetasLow[.i]            .c <- .ret$logitThetasHi[.i]            .a <- .ini$est[.i]            if (is.na(.ret$scaleC[.i])) {                .ret$scaleC[.i] <- 1 * (-.b + .c) * exp(-.a)/((1 +                   exp(-.a))^2 * (.b + 1 * (-.b + .c)/(1 + exp(-.a))))            }        }    }    names(.ret$thetaIni) <- sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni))    if (is.null(etaMat) & !is.null(control$etaMat)) {        .ret$etaMat <- control$etaMat    }    else {        .ret$etaMat <- etaMat    }    .ret$setupTime <- (proc.time() - .pt)["elapsed"]    if (exists("uif", envir = .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logThetasList        .ret$logThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasList        .ret$logitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListLow        .ret$logitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$logitThetasListHi        .ret$logitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasList        .ret$probitThetas <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListLow        .ret$probitThetasLow <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- .tmp[[2]]        .tmp <- .ret$uif$probitThetasListHi        .ret$probitThetasHi <- .tmp[[1]]        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- .tmp[[2]]    }    else {        .ret$logThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$logitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$logitThetasLow <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasF <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHiF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLowF <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetas <- integer(0)        .ret$probitThetasHi <- numeric(0)        .ret$probitThetasLow <- numeric(0)    }    if (exists("noLik", envir = .ret)) {        if (!.ret$noLik) {            .ret$.params <- c(sprintf("THETA[%d]", seq_along(.ret$thetaIni)),                 sprintf("ETA[%d]", seq(1, dim(.om0)[1])))            .ret$.thetan <- length(.ret$thetaIni)            .ret$nobs <- sum(data$EVID == 0)        }    }    .ret$control$printTop <- TRUE    .ret$control$nF <- 0    .est0 <- .ret$thetaIni    if (!is.null(.ret$model$pred.nolhs)) {        .ret$control$predNeq <- length(.ret$model$pred.nolhs$state)    }    else {        .ret$control$predNeq <- 0L    }    .fitFun <- function(.ret) {        this.env <- environment()        assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)        while (this.env$err == "theta reset") {            assign("err", "", this.env)            .ret0 <- tryCatch({                foceiFitCpp_(.ret)            }, error = function(e) {                if (regexpr("theta reset", e$message) != -1) {                  assign("zeroOuter", FALSE, this.env)                  assign("zeroGrad", FALSE, this.env)                  if (regexpr("theta reset0", e$message) != -1) {                    assign("zeroGrad", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  else if (regexpr("theta resetZ", e$message) !=                     -1) {                    assign("zeroOuter", TRUE, this.env)                  }                  assign("err", "theta reset", this.env)                }                else {                  assign("err", e$message, this.env)                }            })            if (this.env$err == "theta reset") {                .nm <- names(.ret$thetaIni)                .ret$thetaIni <- setNames(.thetaReset$thetaIni +                   0, .nm)                .ret$rxInv$theta <- .thetaReset$omegaTheta                .ret$control$printTop <- FALSE                .ret$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$etaMat <- .thetaReset$etaMat                .ret$control$maxInnerIterations <- .thetaReset$maxInnerIterations                .ret$control$nF <- .thetaReset$nF                .ret$control$gillRetC <- .thetaReset$gillRetC                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillRet <- .thetaReset$gillRet                .ret$control$gillDf <- .thetaReset$gillDf                .ret$control$gillDf2 <- .thetaReset$gillDf2                .ret$control$gillErr <- .thetaReset$gillErr                .ret$control$rEps <- .thetaReset$rEps                .ret$control$aEps <- .thetaReset$aEps                .ret$control$rEpsC <- .thetaReset$rEpsC                .ret$control$aEpsC <- .thetaReset$aEpsC                .ret$control$c1 <- .thetaReset$c1                .ret$control$c2 <- .thetaReset$c2                if (this.env$zeroOuter) {                  message("Posthoc reset")                  .ret$control$maxOuterIterations <- 0L                }                else if (this.env$zeroGrad) {                  message("Theta reset (zero gradient values); Switch to bobyqa")                  RxODE::rxReq("minqa")                  .ret$control$outerOptFun <- .bobyqa                  .ret$control$outerOpt <- -1L                }                else {                  message("Theta reset (ETA drift)")                }            }        }        if (this.env$err != "") {            stop(this.env$err)        }        else {            return(.ret0)        }    }    .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))    .n <- 1    while (inherits(.ret0, "try-error") && control$maxOuterIterations !=         0 && .n <= control$nRetries) {        message(sprintf("Restart %s", .n))        .ret$control$nF <- 0        .estNew <- .est0 + 0.2 * .n * abs(.est0) * stats::runif(length(.est0)) -             0.1 * .n        .estNew <- sapply(seq_along(.est0), function(.i) {            if (.ret$thetaFixed[.i]) {                return(.est0[.i])            }            else if (.estNew[.i] < lower[.i]) {                return(lower + (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else if (.estNew[.i] > upper[.i]) {                return(upper - (.Machine$double.eps)^(1/7))            }            else {                return(.estNew[.i])            }        })        .ret$thetaIni <- .estNew        .ret0 <- try(.fitFun(.ret))        .n <- .n + 1    }    if (inherits(.ret0, "try-error"))         stop("Could not fit data.")    .ret <- .ret0    if (exists("parHistData", .ret)) {        .tmp <- .ret$parHistData        .tmp <- .tmp[.tmp$type == "Unscaled", names(.tmp) !=             "type"]        .iter <- .tmp$iter        .tmp <- .tmp[, names(.tmp) != "iter"]        .ret$parHistStacked <- data.frame(stack(.tmp), iter = .iter)        names(.ret$parHistStacked) <- c("val", "par", "iter")        .ret$parHist <- data.frame(iter = .iter, .tmp)    }    if (.mixed) {        .etas <- .ret$ranef        .thetas <- .ret$fixef        .pars <- .Call(`_nlmixr_nlmixrParameters`, .thetas, .etas)        .ret$shrink <- .Call(`_nlmixr_calcShrinkOnly`, .ret$omega,             .pars$eta.lst, length(.etas$ID))        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    else {        .updateParFixed(.ret)    }    if (!exists("table", .ret)) {        .ret$table <- tableControl()    }    if (control$calcTables) {        .ret <- addTable(.ret, updateObject = "no", keep = keep,             drop = drop, table = .ret$table)    }    .ret})(data = dat, inits = .FoceiInits, PKpars = .pars, model = .mod,     pred = function() {        return(nlmixr_pred)    }, err = uif$error, lower = uif$focei.lower, upper = uif$focei.upper,     fixed = uif$focei.fixed, thetaNames = uif$focei.names, etaNames = uif$eta.names,     control = control, env = env, keep = .keep, drop = .drop): Not all the covariates are in the dataset.
    #> Timing stopped at: 17.44 0.876 18.31
    
 AIC(
   f_nlmixr_sfo_sfo_focei_const$nm,
   f_nlmixr_fomc_sfo_focei_const$nm,
diff --git a/docs/dev/reference/reexports.html b/docs/dev/reference/reexports.html
index ac4fa4d9..4fe5164b 100644
--- a/docs/dev/reference/reexports.html
+++ b/docs/dev/reference/reexports.html
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ below to see their documentation.
 
   lmtestlrtest
 
-  nlmenlme
+  nlmeintervals, nlme
 
   nlmixrnlmixr
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ below to see their documentation.
   
    
     
    
     
    Objects exported from other packages
    
-    Source: R/lrtest.mkinfit.R, R/nlme.mmkin.R, R/nlmixr.R
+    Source: R/intervals.R, R/lrtest.mkinfit.R, R/nlme.mmkin.R, and 1 more
     
     
    
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ below to see their documentation.
    
 
    
   
    lmtest
    lrtest
    
 
-  
    nlme
    nlme
    
+  
    nlme
    intervals, nlme
    
 
   
    nlmixr
    nlmixr
    
 
diff --git a/docs/dev/sitemap.xml b/docs/dev/sitemap.xml
index b5e83f34..963d4200 100644
--- a/docs/dev/sitemap.xml
+++ b/docs/dev/sitemap.xml
@@ -87,6 +87,12 @@
   
     https://pkgdown.jrwb.de/mkin/reference/ilr.html
   
+  
+    https://pkgdown.jrwb.de/mkin/reference/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.html
+  
+  
+    https://pkgdown.jrwb.de/mkin/reference/intervals.saem.mmkin.html
+  
   
     https://pkgdown.jrwb.de/mkin/reference/loftest.html
   
diff --git a/man/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.Rd b/man/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1ab5da4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/intervals.nlmixr.mmkin.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/intervals.R
+\name{intervals.nlmixr.mmkin}
+\alias{intervals.nlmixr.mmkin}
+\title{Confidence intervals for parameters in nlmixr.mmkin objects}
+\usage{
+\method{intervals}{nlmixr.mmkin}(object, level = 0.95, backtransform = TRUE, ...)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{object}{The fitted saem.mmkin object}
+
+\item{level}{The confidence level.}
+
+\item{backtransform}{Should we backtransform the parameters where a one to
+one correlation between transformed and backtransformed parameters exists?}
+}
+\value{
+An object with 'intervals.saem.mmkin' and 'intervals.lme' in the
+class attribute
+}
+\description{
+Confidence intervals for parameters in nlmixr.mmkin objects
+}
diff --git a/man/intervals.saem.mmkin.Rd b/man/intervals.saem.mmkin.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a41dd1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/intervals.saem.mmkin.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/intervals.R
+\name{intervals.saem.mmkin}
+\alias{intervals.saem.mmkin}
+\title{Confidence intervals for parameters in saem.mmkin objects}
+\usage{
+\method{intervals}{saem.mmkin}(object, level = 0.95, backtransform = TRUE, ...)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{object}{The fitted saem.mmkin object}
+
+\item{level}{The confidence level. Must be the default of 0.95 as this is what
+is available in the saemix object}
+
+\item{backtransform}{In case the model was fitted with mkin transformations,
+should we backtransform the parameters where a one to one correlation
+between transformed and backtransformed parameters exists?}
+}
+\value{
+An object with 'intervals.saem.mmkin' and 'intervals.lme' in the
+class attribute
+}
+\description{
+Confidence intervals for parameters in saem.mmkin objects
+}
diff --git a/man/nlmixr.mmkin.Rd b/man/nlmixr.mmkin.Rd
index 0f4f41a2..173b0d39 100644
--- a/man/nlmixr.mmkin.Rd
+++ b/man/nlmixr.mmkin.Rd
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ nlmixr_data(object, ...)
 
 \item{table}{Passed to \link[nlmixr:nlmixr]{nlmixr::nlmixr}}
 
-\item{error_model}{Possibility to override the error model which is being
-set based on the error model used in the mmkin row object.}
+\item{error_model}{Optional argument to override the error model which is
+being set based on the error model used in the mmkin row object.}
 
 \item{test_log_parms}{If TRUE, an attempt is made to use more robust starting
 values for population parameters fitted as log parameters in mkin (like
diff --git a/man/reexports.Rd b/man/reexports.Rd
index d4fc6b96..dfbb76a7 100644
--- a/man/reexports.Rd
+++ b/man/reexports.Rd
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 % Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
-% Please edit documentation in R/lrtest.mkinfit.R, R/nlme.mmkin.R, R/nlmixr.R
+% Please edit documentation in R/intervals.R, R/lrtest.mkinfit.R,
+%   R/nlme.mmkin.R, R/nlmixr.R
 \docType{import}
 \name{reexports}
 \alias{reexports}
+\alias{intervals}
 \alias{lrtest}
 \alias{nlme}
 \alias{nlmixr}
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ below to see their documentation.
 \describe{
   \item{lmtest}{\code{\link[lmtest]{lrtest}}}
 
-  \item{nlme}{\code{\link[nlme]{nlme}}}
+  \item{nlme}{\code{\link[nlme]{intervals}}, \code{\link[nlme]{nlme}}}
 
   \item{nlmixr}{\code{\link[nlmixr]{nlmixr}}}
 }}
diff --git a/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.R b/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.R
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c01bc14..00000000
--- a/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.R
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-## ---- include = FALSE---------------------------------------------------------
-require(knitr)
-options(digits = 5)
-opts_chunk$set(
-  comment = "",
-  tidy = FALSE,
-  cache = TRUE
-)
-
-## ----saemix_control-----------------------------------------------------------
-library(saemix)
-saemix_control <- saemixControl(nbiter.saemix = c(800, 200), nb.chains = 15,
-    print = FALSE, save = FALSE, save.graphs = FALSE, displayProgress = FALSE)
-
-## ----f_parent_saemix_sfo_const, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"----
-f_parent_saemix_sfo_const <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], quiet = TRUE,
-  control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
-plot(f_parent_saemix_sfo_const$so, plot.type = "convergence")
-
-## ----f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"----
-f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], quiet = TRUE,
-  control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
-plot(f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so, plot.type = "convergence")
-
-## ----f_parent_saemix_dfop_const, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"----
-f_parent_saemix_dfop_const <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
-  control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
-plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so, plot.type = "convergence")
-
-## ----f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"----
-f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
-  control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
-plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, plot.type = "convergence")
-
-## ----AIC_parent_saemix--------------------------------------------------------
-compare.saemix(
-  f_parent_saemix_sfo_const$so,
-  f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so,
-  f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so,
-  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
-
-## ----AIC_parent_saemix_methods------------------------------------------------
-f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so <-
-  llgq.saemix(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
-AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
-AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "gq")
-AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "lin")
-
-## ----f_parent_nlmixr_focei, results = "hide", message = FALSE, warning = FALSE----
-library(nlmixr)
-f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], est = "focei")
-f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], est = "focei")
-f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], est = "focei")
-f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_tc<- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "focei")
-
-## ----AIC_parent_nlmixr_focei--------------------------------------------------
-aic_nlmixr_focei <- sapply(
-  list(f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_tc$nm,
-    f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_tc$nm),
-  AIC)
-
-## ----AIC_parent_nlme_rep------------------------------------------------------
-aic_nlme <- sapply(
-  list(f_parent_nlme_sfo_const, NA, f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc, f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc),
-  function(x) if (is.na(x[1])) NA else AIC(x))
-aic_nlme_nlmixr_focei <- data.frame(
-  "Degradation model" = c("SFO", "SFO", "DFOP", "DFOP"),
-  "Error model" = rep(c("constant variance", "two-component"), 2),
-  "AIC (nlme)" = aic_nlme,
-  "AIC (nlmixr with FOCEI)" = aic_nlmixr_focei,
-  check.names = FALSE
-)
-
-## ----nlmixr_saem_control------------------------------------------------------
-nlmixr_saem_control <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
-  nBurn = 800, nEm = 200, nmc = 15)
-
-## ----f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"----
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
-traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm)
-
-## ----f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"----
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
-traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm)
-
-## ----f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"----
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
-traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm)
-
-## ----f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"----
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
-traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm)
-
-## ----AIC_parent_nlmixr_saem---------------------------------------------------
-AIC(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm,
-  f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm)
-
-## ----AIC_all------------------------------------------------------------------
-AIC_all <- data.frame(
-  check.names = FALSE,
-  "Degradation model" = c("SFO", "SFO", "DFOP", "DFOP"),
-  "Error model" = c("const", "tc", "const", "tc"),
-  nlme = c(AIC(f_parent_nlme_sfo_const), AIC(f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc), NA, AIC(f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc)),
-  nlmixr_focei = sapply(list(f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_focei_sfo_tc$nm,
-  f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_focei_dfop_tc$nm), AIC),
-  saemix = sapply(list(f_parent_saemix_sfo_const$so, f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so,
-    f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so, f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so), AIC),
-  nlmixr_saem = sapply(list(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm,
-  f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm), AIC)
-)
-kable(AIC_all)
-
diff --git a/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html b/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html
index a92a720d..95e41c71 100644
--- a/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html
+++ b/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.html
@@ -1591,7 +1591,7 @@ div.tocify {
 
 
    Example evaluations of the dimethenamid data from 2018
    
 
    Johannes Ranke
    
-
    Last change 17 September 2021, built on 17 Sep 2021
    
+
    Last change 27 September 2021, built on 27 Sep 2021
    
 
 
    
 
@@ -1648,14 +1648,14 @@ f_parent_mkin_tc <- mmkin(c("SFO", "DFOP"), dmta_ds,
 
    Instead of taking a model selection decision for each of the individual fits, we fit nonlinear mixed-effects models (using different fitting algorithms as implemented in different packages) and do model selection using all available data at the same time. In order to make sure that these decisions are not unduly influenced by the type of algorithm used, by implementation details or by the use of wrong control parameters, we compare the model selection results obtained with different R packages, with different algorithms and checking control parameters.
    
 
    
 
    nlme
    
-
    The nlme package was the first R extension providing facilities to fit nonlinear mixed-effects models. We would like to do model selection from all four combinations of degradation models and error models based on the AIC. However, fitting the DFOP model with constant variance and using default control parameters results in an error, signalling that the maximum number of 50 iterations was reached, potentially indicating overparameterisation. However, the algorithm converges when the two-component error model is used in combination with the DFOP model. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller residues observed at later sampling times get more weight when using the two-component error model which will counteract the tendency of the algorithm to try parameter combinations unsuitable for fitting these data.
    
+
    The nlme package was the first R extension providing facilities to fit nonlinear mixed-effects models. We would like to do model selection from all four combinations of degradation models and error models based on the AIC. However, fitting the DFOP model with constant variance and using default control parameters results in an error, signalling that the maximum number of 50 iterations was reached, potentially indicating overparameterisation. Nevertheless, the algorithm converges when the two-component error model is used in combination with the DFOP model. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller residues observed at later sampling times get more weight when using the two-component error model which will counteract the tendency of the algorithm to try parameter combinations unsuitable for fitting these data.
    
 
    library(nlme)
 f_parent_nlme_sfo_const <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ])
 # f_parent_nlme_dfop_const <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ])
 f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ])
 f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ])
    
 
    Note that a certain degree of overparameterisation is also indicated by a warning obtained when fitting DFOP with the two-component error model (‘false convergence’ in the ‘LME step’ in iteration 3). However, as this warning does not occur in later iterations, and specifically not in the last of the 6 iterations, we can ignore this warning.
    
-
    The model comparison function of the nlme package can directly be applied to these fits showing a much lower AIC for the DFOP model fitted with the two-component error model. Also, the likelihood ratio test indicates that this difference is significant. as the p-value is below 0.0001.
    
+
    The model comparison function of the nlme package can directly be applied to these fits showing a much lower AIC for the DFOP model fitted with the two-component error model. Also, the likelihood ratio test indicates that this difference is significant as the p-value is below 0.0001.
    
 
    anova(
   f_parent_nlme_sfo_const, f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc, f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc
 )
    
@@ -1684,6 +1684,8 @@ anova(f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc, f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc_logchol)

    The corresponding SAEM fits of the four combinations of degradation and error models are fitted below. As there is no convergence criterion implemented in the saemix package, the convergence plots need to be manually checked for every fit. As we will compare the SAEM implementation of saemix to the results obtained using the nlmixr package later, we define control settings that work well for all the parent data fits shown in this vignette.

    library(saemix)
 saemix_control <- saemixControl(nbiter.saemix = c(800, 300), nb.chains = 15,
+    print = FALSE, save = FALSE, save.graphs = FALSE, displayProgress = FALSE)
+saemix_control_10k <- saemixControl(nbiter.saemix = c(10000, 1000), nb.chains = 15,
     print = FALSE, save = FALSE, save.graphs = FALSE, displayProgress = FALSE)

    The convergence plot for the SFO model using constant variance is shown below.

    f_parent_saemix_sfo_const <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], quiet = TRUE,
@@ -1695,31 +1697,57 @@ plot(f_parent_saemix_sfo_const$so, plot.type = "convergence")

    -

    When fitting the DFOP model with constant variance, parameter convergence is not as unambiguous (see the failure of nlme with the default number of iterations above). Therefore, the number of iterations in the first phase of the algorithm was increased, leading to visually satisfying convergence.

    +

    When fitting the DFOP model with constant variance (see below), parameter convergence is not as unambiguous.

    f_parent_saemix_dfop_const <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
   control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
 plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so, plot.type = "convergence")

    -

    The same applies in the case where the DFOP model is fitted with the two-component error model. Convergence of the variance of k2 is enhanced by using the two-component error, it remains more or less stable already after 200 iterations of the first phase.

    +

    This is improved when the DFOP model is fitted with the two-component error model. Convergence of the variance of k2 is enhanced, it remains more or less stable already after 200 iterations of the first phase.

    f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
   control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix")
 plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, plot.type = "convergence")
    -

    The four combinations and including the variations of the DFOP/tc combination can be compared using the model comparison function from the saemix package:

    -
    compare.saemix(
+
    
+
    We also check if using many more iterations (10 000 for the first and 1000 for the second phase) improve the result in a significant way. The AIC values obtained are compared further below.
    
+
    f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
+  control = saemix_control_10k, transformations = "saemix")
+plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k$so, plot.type = "convergence")
    
+
    
+
    An alternative way to fit DFOP in combination with the two-component error model is to use the model formulation with transformed parameters as used per default in mkin.
    
+
    f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
+  control = saemix_control, transformations = "mkin")
+plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin$so, plot.type = "convergence")
    
+
    
+
    As the convergence plots do not clearly indicate that the algorithm has converged, we again use a much larger number of iterations, which leads to satisfactory convergence (see below).
    
+
    f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE,
+  control = saemix_control_10k, transformations = "mkin")
+plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k$so, plot.type = "convergence")
    
+
    
+
    The four combinations (SFO/const, SFO/tc, DFOP/const and DFOP/tc), including the variations of the DFOP/tc combination can be compared using the model comparison function of the saemix package:
    
+
    AIC_parent_saemix <- saemix::compare.saemix(
   f_parent_saemix_sfo_const$so,
   f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so,
   f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so,
-  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
    
+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so,
+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k$so,
+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin$so,
+  f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k$so)
    Likelihoods calculated by importance sampling
    -
         AIC    BIC
-1 796.37 795.33
-2 798.37 797.13
-3 713.16 711.28
-4 666.10 664.01
    -

    As in the case of nlme fits, the DFOP model fitted with two-component error (number 4) gives the lowest AIC. Using more iterations and/or more chains does not have a large influence on the final AIC (not shown).

    +
    rownames(AIC_parent_saemix) <- c(
+  "SFO const", "SFO tc", "DFOP const", "DFOP tc", "DFOP tc more iterations",
+  "DFOP tc mkintrans", "DFOP tc mkintrans more iterations")
+print(AIC_parent_saemix)
    +
                                         AIC    BIC
+SFO const                         796.37 795.33
+SFO tc                            798.37 797.13
+DFOP const                        713.16 711.28
+DFOP tc                           666.10 664.01
+DFOP tc more iterations           666.15 664.06
+DFOP tc mkintrans                 682.26 680.17
+DFOP tc mkintrans more iterations 666.12 664.04
    +

    As in the case of nlme fits, the DFOP model fitted with two-component error (number 4) gives the lowest AIC. Using a much larger number of iterations does not improve the fit a lot. When the mkin transformations are used instead of the saemix transformations, this large number of iterations leads to a goodness of fit that is comparable to the result obtained with saemix transformations.

    In order to check the influence of the likelihood calculation algorithms implemented in saemix, the likelihood from Gaussian quadrature is added to the best fit, and the AIC values obtained from the three methods are compared.

    f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so <-
-  llgq.saemix(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
+  saemix::llgq.saemix(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so)
 AIC_parent_saemix_methods <- c(
   is = AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "is"),
   gq = AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "gq"),
@@ -1755,40 +1783,60 @@ aic_nlme_nlmixr_focei <- data.frame(
   check.names = FALSE
 )

    Secondly, we use the SAEM estimation routine and check the convergence plots. The control parameters also used for the saemix fits are defined beforehand.

    -
    nlmixr_saem_control <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
-  nBurn = 1000, nEm = 300, nmc = 15)
    +
    nlmixr_saem_control_800 <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
+  nBurn = 800, nEm = 300, nmc = 15)
+nlmixr_saem_control_1000 <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
+  nBurn = 1000, nEm = 300, nmc = 15)
+nlmixr_saem_control_10k <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE,
+  nBurn = 10000, nEm = 1000, nmc = 15)

    The we fit SFO with constant variance

    f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], est = "saem",
   control = nlmixr_saem_control)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm)
    -

    +

    and SFO with two-component error.

    f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_800)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm)
    -

    +

    For DFOP with constant variance, the convergence plots show considerable instability of the fit, which indicates overparameterisation which was already observed earlier for this model combination.

    f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_800)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm)
    -

    +

    For DFOP with two-component error, a less erratic convergence is seen.

    f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
-  control = nlmixr_saem_control)
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_800)
 traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm)
    +

    +

    To check if an increase in the number of iterations improves the fit, we repeat the fit with 1000 iterations for the burn in phase and 300 iterations for the second phase.

    +
    f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000 <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_1000)
+traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm)

    -

    The AIC values are internally calculated using Gaussian quadrature. For an unknown reason, the AIC value obtained for the DFOP fit using constant error is given as Infinity.

    +

    Here the fit looks very similar, but we will see below that it shows a higher AIC than the fit with 800 iterations in the burn in phase. Next we choose 10 000 iterations for the burn in phase and 1000 iterations for the second phase for comparison with saemix.

    +
    f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem",
+  control = nlmixr_saem_control_10k)
+traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm)
    +

    +

    In the above convergence plot, the time course of ‘eta.DMTA_0’ and ‘log_k2’ indicate a false convergence.

    +

    The AIC values are internally calculated using Gaussian quadrature.

    AIC(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm,
-  f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm)
    -
                                       df    AIC
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm   5 798.68
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm      6 808.88
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm  9 815.95
-f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm    10 669.57
    + f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm, + f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm, + f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm) +
                                         df    AIC
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm     5 798.69
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm        6 810.33
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm    9 736.00
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm      10 664.85
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm 10 669.57
+f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm  10    Inf
    +

    We can see that again, the DFOP/tc model shows the best goodness of fit. However, increasing the number of burn-in iterations from 800 to 1000 results in a higher AIC. If we further increase the number of iterations to 10 000 (burn-in) and 1000 (second phase), the AIC cannot be calculated for the nlmixr/saem fit, supporting that the fit did not converge properly.

    Comparison

    -

    The following table gives the AIC values obtained with the three packages.

    +

    The following table gives the AIC values obtained with the three packages using the same control parameters (800 iterations burn-in, 300 iterations second phase, 15 chains).

    AIC_all <- data.frame(
   check.names = FALSE,
   "Degradation model" = c("SFO", "SFO", "DFOP", "DFOP"),
@@ -1820,7 +1868,7 @@ kable(AIC_all)
    796.60 796.62 796.37 -798.68 +798.69 SFO @@ -1828,7 +1876,7 @@ kable(AIC_all) 798.60 798.61 798.37 -808.88 +810.33 DFOP @@ -1836,7 +1884,7 @@ kable(AIC_all) NA 750.91 713.16 -815.95 +736.00 DFOP @@ -1844,10 +1892,136 @@ kable(AIC_all) 671.91 666.60 666.10 -669.57 +664.85 +
    intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc)
    +
    Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.2802274 98.2761977 100.272168
+k1      0.0339753  0.0645487   0.095122
+k2      0.0058977  0.0088887   0.011880
+g       0.9064373  0.9514417   0.996446
+
+ Random effects:
+              lower     est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)  0.44404 2.102366 3.76069
+sd(k1)      0.25433 0.589731 0.92514
+sd(k2)     -0.33139 0.099797 0.53099
+sd(g)       0.39606 1.092234 1.78841
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.863644 1.063021 1.262398
+b.1 0.022555 0.029599 0.036643
    +
    intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc)
    +
    Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.2802274 98.2761977 100.272168
+k1      0.0339753  0.0645487   0.095122
+k2      0.0058977  0.0088887   0.011880
+g       0.9064373  0.9514417   0.996446
+
+ Random effects:
+              lower     est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)  0.44404 2.102366 3.76069
+sd(k1)      0.25433 0.589731 0.92514
+sd(k2)     -0.33139 0.099797 0.53099
+sd(g)       0.39606 1.092234 1.78841
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.863644 1.063021 1.262398
+b.1 0.022555 0.029599 0.036643
    +
    intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k)
    +
    Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.3027896 98.2641150 100.225440
+k1      0.0338214  0.0644055   0.094990
+k2      0.0058857  0.0087896   0.011693
+g       0.9086138  0.9521421   0.995670
+
+ Random effects:
+              lower    est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)  0.41448 2.05327 3.69206
+sd(k1)      0.25507 0.59132 0.92758
+sd(k2)     -0.36781 0.09016 0.54813
+sd(g)       0.38585 1.06994 1.75402
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.866273 1.066115 1.265957
+b.1 0.022501 0.029541 0.036581
    +
    intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k)
    +
    Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.3021306 98.2736091 100.245088
+k1      0.0401701  0.0645140   0.103611
+k2      0.0064706  0.0089398   0.012351
+g       0.8817692  0.9511605   0.980716
+
+ Random effects:
+                lower     est.   upper
+sd(DMTA_0)    0.42392 2.068018 3.71212
+sd(log_k1)    0.25440 0.589877 0.92536
+sd(log_k2)   -0.38431 0.084334 0.55298
+sd(g_qlogis)  0.39107 1.077303 1.76353
+
+ 
+       lower     est.    upper
+a.1 0.865291 1.064897 1.264504
+b.1 0.022491 0.029526 0.036561
    +
    intervals(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc)
    +
    Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+            lower       est.      upper
+DMTA_0 96.3059406 98.2990616 100.292183
+k1      0.0402306  0.0648255   0.104456
+k2      0.0067864  0.0093097   0.012771
+g       0.8769017  0.9505258   0.981067
+
+ Random effects:
+             lower     est. upper
+sd(DMTA_0)      NA 1.724654    NA
+sd(log_k1)      NA 0.592808    NA
+sd(log_k2)      NA 0.010741    NA
+sd(g_qlogis)    NA 1.087349    NA
+
+ 
+          lower     est. upper
+sigma_low    NA 1.081809    NA
+rsd_high     NA 0.032051    NA
    +
    intervals(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k)
    +
    Approximate 95% confidence intervals
+
+ Fixed effects:
+           lower       est.     upper
+DMTA_0 96.426510 97.8987836 99.371057
+k1      0.040006  0.0644407  0.103799
+k2      0.006748  0.0092476  0.012673
+g       0.879251  0.9511399  0.981147
+
+ Random effects:
+             lower       est. upper
+sd(DMTA_0)      NA 3.7049e-04    NA
+sd(log_k1)      NA 5.9221e-01    NA
+sd(log_k2)      NA 3.8628e-07    NA
+sd(g_qlogis)    NA 1.0694e+00    NA
+
+ 
+          lower     est. upper
+sigma_low    NA 1.082343    NA
+rsd_high     NA 0.034895    NA
    diff --git a/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.rmd b/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.rmd index 7679edc4..ae93984d 100644 --- a/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.rmd +++ b/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018.rmd @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- title: Example evaluations of the dimethenamid data from 2018 author: Johannes Ranke -date: Last change 17 September 2021, built on `r format(Sys.Date(), format = "%d %b %Y")` +date: Last change 27 September 2021, built on `r format(Sys.Date(), format = "%d %b %Y")` output: html_document: toc: true @@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ vignette: > ```{r, include = FALSE} require(knitr) +require(mkin) +require(nlme) options(digits = 5) opts_chunk$set( comment = "", @@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ combinations of degradation models and error models based on the AIC. However, fitting the DFOP model with constant variance and using default control parameters results in an error, signalling that the maximum number of 50 iterations was reached, potentially indicating overparameterisation. -However, the algorithm converges when the two-component error model is +Nevertheless, the algorithm converges when the two-component error model is used in combination with the DFOP model. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller residues observed at later sampling times get more weight when using the two-component error model which will counteract the @@ -167,6 +169,7 @@ f_parent_nlme_sfo_const <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ]) f_parent_nlme_sfo_tc <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ]) f_parent_nlme_dfop_tc <- nlme(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ]) ``` + Note that a certain degree of overparameterisation is also indicated by a warning obtained when fitting DFOP with the two-component error model ('false convergence' in the 'LME step' in iteration 3). However, as this warning does @@ -176,7 +179,7 @@ not occur in later iterations, and specifically not in the last of the The model comparison function of the nlme package can directly be applied to these fits showing a much lower AIC for the DFOP model fitted with the two-component error model. Also, the likelihood ratio test indicates that this -difference is significant. as the p-value is below 0.0001. +difference is significant as the p-value is below 0.0001. ```{r AIC_parent_nlme} anova( @@ -231,6 +234,8 @@ work well for all the parent data fits shown in this vignette. library(saemix) saemix_control <- saemixControl(nbiter.saemix = c(800, 300), nb.chains = 15, print = FALSE, save = FALSE, save.graphs = FALSE, displayProgress = FALSE) +saemix_control_10k <- saemixControl(nbiter.saemix = c(10000, 1000), nb.chains = 15, + print = FALSE, save = FALSE, save.graphs = FALSE, displayProgress = FALSE) ``` The convergence plot for the SFO model using constant variance is shown below. @@ -250,11 +255,8 @@ f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], quiet = TRUE, plot(f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so, plot.type = "convergence") ``` -When fitting the DFOP model with constant variance, parameter convergence -is not as unambiguous (see the failure of nlme with the default number of -iterations above). Therefore, the number of iterations in the first -phase of the algorithm was increased, leading to visually satisfying -convergence. +When fitting the DFOP model with constant variance (see below), parameter +convergence is not as unambiguous. ```{r f_parent_saemix_dfop_const, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"} f_parent_saemix_dfop_const <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE, @@ -262,30 +264,71 @@ f_parent_saemix_dfop_const <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], quiet = plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so, plot.type = "convergence") ``` -The same applies in the case where the DFOP model is fitted with the -two-component error model. Convergence of the variance of k2 is enhanced by -using the two-component error, it remains more or less stable already after -200 iterations of the first phase. +This is improved when the DFOP model is fitted with the two-component error +model. Convergence of the variance of k2 is enhanced, it remains more or less +stable already after 200 iterations of the first phase. ```{r f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"} f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE, control = saemix_control, transformations = "saemix") plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, plot.type = "convergence") ``` -The four combinations and including the variations of the DFOP/tc combination -can be compared using the model comparison function from the saemix package: + +We also check if using many more iterations (10 000 for the first and 1000 for +the second phase) improve the result in a significant way. The AIC values +obtained are compared further below. + +```{r f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"} +f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE, + control = saemix_control_10k, transformations = "saemix") +plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k$so, plot.type = "convergence") +``` + +An alternative way to fit DFOP in combination with the two-component error model +is to use the model formulation with transformed parameters as used per default +in mkin. + +```{r f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"} +f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE, + control = saemix_control, transformations = "mkin") +plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin$so, plot.type = "convergence") +``` + +As the convergence plots do not clearly indicate that the algorithm has converged, we +again use a much larger number of iterations, which leads to satisfactory +convergence (see below). + +```{r f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k, results = 'hide', dependson = "saemix_control"} +f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k <- mkin::saem(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], quiet = TRUE, + control = saemix_control_10k, transformations = "mkin") +plot(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k$so, plot.type = "convergence") +``` + +The four combinations (SFO/const, SFO/tc, DFOP/const and DFOP/tc), including +the variations of the DFOP/tc combination can be compared using the model +comparison function of the saemix package: ```{r AIC_parent_saemix, cache = FALSE} -compare.saemix( +AIC_parent_saemix <- saemix::compare.saemix( f_parent_saemix_sfo_const$so, f_parent_saemix_sfo_tc$so, f_parent_saemix_dfop_const$so, - f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so) + f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, + f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k$so, + f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin$so, + f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k$so) +rownames(AIC_parent_saemix) <- c( + "SFO const", "SFO tc", "DFOP const", "DFOP tc", "DFOP tc more iterations", + "DFOP tc mkintrans", "DFOP tc mkintrans more iterations") +print(AIC_parent_saemix) ``` As in the case of nlme fits, the DFOP model fitted with two-component error -(number 4) gives the lowest AIC. Using more iterations and/or more chains -does not have a large influence on the final AIC (not shown). +(number 4) gives the lowest AIC. Using a much larger number of iterations +does not improve the fit a lot. When the mkin transformations are used +instead of the saemix transformations, this large number of iterations leads +to a goodness of fit that is comparable to the result obtained with saemix +transformations. In order to check the influence of the likelihood calculation algorithms implemented in saemix, the likelihood from Gaussian quadrature is added @@ -294,7 +337,7 @@ are compared. ```{r AIC_parent_saemix_methods, cache = FALSE} f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so <- - llgq.saemix(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so) + saemix::llgq.saemix(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so) AIC_parent_saemix_methods <- c( is = AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "is"), gq = AIC(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc$so, method = "gq"), @@ -302,6 +345,7 @@ AIC_parent_saemix_methods <- c( ) print(AIC_parent_saemix_methods) ``` + The AIC values based on importance sampling and Gaussian quadrature are very similar. Using linearisation is known to be less accurate, but still gives a similar value. @@ -355,15 +399,19 @@ Secondly, we use the SAEM estimation routine and check the convergence plots. Th control parameters also used for the saemix fits are defined beforehand. ```{r nlmixr_saem_control} -nlmixr_saem_control <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE, +nlmixr_saem_control_800 <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE, + nBurn = 800, nEm = 300, nmc = 15) +nlmixr_saem_control_1000 <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE, nBurn = 1000, nEm = 300, nmc = 15) +nlmixr_saem_control_10k <- saemControl(logLik = TRUE, + nBurn = 10000, nEm = 1000, nmc = 15) ``` The we fit SFO with constant variance ```{r f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"} f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["SFO", ], est = "saem", - control = nlmixr_saem_control) + control = nlmixr_saem_control_800) traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm) ``` @@ -371,7 +419,7 @@ and SFO with two-component error. ```{r f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"} f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["SFO", ], est = "saem", - control = nlmixr_saem_control) + control = nlmixr_saem_control_800) traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm) ``` @@ -381,7 +429,7 @@ observed earlier for this model combination. ```{r f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"} f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_const["DFOP", ], est = "saem", - control = nlmixr_saem_control) + control = nlmixr_saem_control_800) traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm) ``` @@ -389,22 +437,54 @@ For DFOP with two-component error, a less erratic convergence is seen. ```{r f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"} f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem", - control = nlmixr_saem_control) + control = nlmixr_saem_control_800) traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm) ``` -The AIC values are internally calculated using Gaussian quadrature. For an -unknown reason, the AIC value obtained for the DFOP fit using constant error -is given as Infinity. +To check if an increase in the number of iterations improves the fit, we repeat +the fit with 1000 iterations for the burn in phase and 300 iterations for the +second phase. + +```{r f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1k, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"} +f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000 <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem", + control = nlmixr_saem_control_1000) +traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm) +``` + +Here the fit looks very similar, but we will see below that it shows a higher AIC +than the fit with 800 iterations in the burn in phase. Next we choose +10 000 iterations for the burn in phase and 1000 iterations for the second +phase for comparison with saemix. + +```{r f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k, results = "hide", warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, dependson = "nlmixr_saem_control"} +f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k <- nlmixr(f_parent_mkin_tc["DFOP", ], est = "saem", + control = nlmixr_saem_control_10k) +traceplot(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm) +``` + +In the above convergence plot, the time course of 'eta.DMTA_0' and +'log_k2' indicate a false convergence. + +The AIC values are internally calculated using Gaussian quadrature. ```{r AIC_parent_nlmixr_saem, cache = FALSE} AIC(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_sfo_tc$nm, - f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm) + f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const$nm, f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc$nm, + f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_1000$nm, + f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k$nm) ``` +We can see that again, the DFOP/tc model shows the best goodness of fit. +However, increasing the number of burn-in iterations from 800 to 1000 results +in a higher AIC. If we further increase the number of iterations to 10 000 +(burn-in) and 1000 (second phase), the AIC cannot be calculated for the +nlmixr/saem fit, supporting that the fit did not converge properly. + ### Comparison -The following table gives the AIC values obtained with the three packages. +The following table gives the AIC values obtained with the three packages using +the same control parameters (800 iterations burn-in, 300 iterations second +phase, 15 chains). ```{r AIC_all, cache = FALSE} AIC_all <- data.frame( @@ -422,6 +502,15 @@ AIC_all <- data.frame( kable(AIC_all) ``` +```{r parms_all, cache = FALSE} +intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc) +intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc) +intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_10k) +intervals(f_parent_saemix_dfop_tc_mkin_10k) +intervals(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc) +intervals(f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_tc_10k) +``` + # References diff --git a/vignettes/web_only/dimethenamid_2018_files/figure-html/f_parent_nlmixr_saem_dfop_const-1.png 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