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diff --git a/R/PEC_sw_exposit.R b/R/PEC_sw_exposit.R new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a47ca18 --- /dev/null +++ b/R/PEC_sw_exposit.R @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +#' Runoff loss percentages as used in Exposit 3 +#' +#' A table of the loss percentages used in Exposit 3 for the twelve different Koc classes +#' +#' @name perc_runoff_exposit +#' @format A data frame with percentage values for the dissolved fraction and the fraction +#' bound to eroding particles, with Koc classes used as row names +#' \describe{ +#' \item{Koc_lower_bound}{The lower bound of the Koc class} +#' \item{dissolved}{The percentage of the applied substance transferred to an +#' adjacent water body in the dissolved phase} +#' \item{bound}{The percentage of the applied substance transferred to an +#' adjacent water body bound to eroding particles} +#' } +#' @source Excel 3.02 spreadsheet available from +#' \url{https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/zul_umwelt_exposit.html} +#' @docType data +#' @examples +#' print(perc_runoff_exposit) +"perc_runoff_exposit" + +#' Runoff reduction percentages as used in Exposit +#' +#' A table of the runoff reduction percentages used in Exposit 3 for different vegetated buffer widths +#' +#' @name perc_runoff_reduction_exposit +#' @format A named list of data frames with reduction percentage values for the +#' dissolved fraction and the fraction bound to eroding particles, with +#' vegetated buffer widths as row names. The names of the list items are the Exposit versions +#' from which the values were taken. +#' \describe{ +#' \item{dissolved}{The reduction percentage for the dissolved phase} +#' \item{bound}{The reduction percentage for the particulate phase} +#' } +#' @source Excel 3.02 spreadsheet available from +#' \url{https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/zul_umwelt_exposit.html} +#' +#' Agroscope version 3.01a with additional runoff factors for 3 m and 6 m buffer zones received from Muris Korkaric (not published). +#' The variant 3.01a2 was introduced for consistency with previous calculations performed by Agroscope for a 3 m buffer zone. +#' @docType data +#' @examples +#' print(perc_runoff_reduction_exposit) +"perc_runoff_reduction_exposit" + +#' Calculate PEC surface water due to runoff and erosion as in Exposit 3 +#' +#' This is a reimplementation of the calculation described in the Exposit 3.02 spreadsheet file, +#' in the worksheet "Konzept Runoff". +#' +#' It is recommened to specify the arguments `rate`, `Koc`, `DT50`, `t_runoff`, `V_ditch` and `V_event` +#' using [units::units] from the `units` package. +#' +#' @importFrom units as_units set_units drop_units +#' @importFrom dplyr across mutate +#' @param rate The application rate in g/ha +#' @param interception The fraction intercepted by the crop +#' @param Koc The sorption coefficient to soil organic carbon +#' @param DT50 The soil half-life in days +#' @param t_runoff The time between application and the runoff event, where degradation occurs, in days +#' @param exposit_reduction_version The version of the reduction factors to be used. "3.02" is the current +#' version used in Germany, "3.01a" is the version with additional percentages for 3 m and 6 m buffer +#' zones used in Switzerland. "3.01a2" is a version introduced for consistency with previous calculations +#' performed for a 3 m buffer zone in Switzerland, with the same reduction being applied to the dissolved +#' and the bound fraction. +#' @param V_ditch The volume of the ditch is assumed to be 1 m * 100 m * 30 cm = 30 m3 +#' @param V_event The unreduced runoff volume, equivalent to 10 mm precipitation on 1 ha +#' @param dilution The dilution factor +#' @return A list containing the following components +#' \describe{ +#' \item{perc_runoff}{The runoff percentages for dissolved and bound substance} +#' \item{runoff}{A matrix containing dissolved and bound input for the different distances} +#' \item{PEC_sw_runoff}{A matrix containing PEC values for dissolved and bound substance +#' for the different distances. If the rate was given in g/ha, the PECsw are in microg/L.} +#' } +#' @export +#' @source Excel 3.02 spreadsheet available from +#' \url{https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/zul_umwelt_exposit.html} +#' @seealso \code{\link{perc_runoff_exposit}} for runoff loss percentages and \code{\link{perc_runoff_reduction_exposit}} for runoff reduction percentages used +#' @examples +#' PEC_sw_exposit_runoff(500, Koc = 150) +#' PEC_sw_exposit_runoff(600, Koc = 10000, DT50 = 195, exposit = "3.01a") +PEC_sw_exposit_runoff <- function(rate, interception = 0, Koc, DT50 = set_units(Inf, "d"), + t_runoff = set_units(3, "days"), + exposit_reduction_version = c("3.02", "3.01a", "3.01a2", "2.0"), + V_ditch = set_units(30, "m3"), V_event = set_units(100, "m3"), dilution = 2) +{ + # Set default units if not specified + if (!inherits(rate, "units")) rate <- set_units(rate, "g/ha") + if (!inherits(Koc, "units")) Koc <- set_units(Koc, "L/kg") + if (!inherits(DT50, "units")) DT50 <- set_units(DT50, "d") + if (!inherits(t_runoff, "units")) t_runoff <- set_units(t_runoff, "d") + if (!inherits(V_ditch, "units")) V_ditch <- set_units(V_ditch, "m3") + if (!inherits(V_event, "units")) V_event <- set_units(V_event, "m3") + + k_deg <- log(2)/DT50 + + # The input is calculated for an area of 1 ha + input <- rate * as_units(1, "ha") * (1 - interception) * exp(as.numeric(-k_deg * t_runoff)) + input_units <- units(input) + input_numeric <- drop_units(input) + + if (length(Koc) > 1) stop("Only one compound at a time supported") + + exposit_reduction_version <- match.arg(exposit_reduction_version) + reduction_runoff <- pfm::perc_runoff_reduction_exposit[[exposit_reduction_version]] / 100 + + transfer_runoff <- 1 - reduction_runoff + + V_runoff <- V_event * (1 - reduction_runoff[["dissolved"]]) + V_flowing_ditch_runoff <- dilution * (V_ditch + V_runoff) + + f_runoff_exposit <- function(Koc) { + Koc_breaks <- c(pfm::perc_runoff_exposit$Koc_lower_bound, set_units(Inf, "L/kg")) + Koc_classes <- as.character(cut(Koc, Koc_breaks, labels = rownames(pfm::perc_runoff_exposit))) + perc_runoff <- pfm::perc_runoff_exposit[Koc_classes, c("dissolved", "bound")] + if (identical(Koc, 0)) perc_runoff <- c(dissolved = 0, bound = 0) + return(unlist(perc_runoff) / 100) + } + f_runoff <- f_runoff_exposit(Koc) + + runoff_dissolved <- input_numeric * f_runoff["dissolved"] * transfer_runoff[, "dissolved"] + runoff_bound <- input_numeric * f_runoff["bound"] * transfer_runoff[, "bound"] + runoff_input <- cbind(dissolved = runoff_dissolved, bound = runoff_bound, + total = runoff_dissolved + runoff_bound) + rownames(runoff_input) <- rownames(reduction_runoff) + units(runoff_input) <- input_units + + dn <- dimnames(runoff_input) + PEC_sw_runoff <- set_units(runoff_input / V_flowing_ditch_runoff, "\u00B5g/L") + dimnames(PEC_sw_runoff) <- dn + + result <- list( + perc_runoff = 100 * f_runoff, + runoff = as.data.frame(runoff_input), + PEC_sw_runoff = as.data.frame(PEC_sw_runoff)) + return(result) +} + +#' Calculate PEC surface water due to drainage as in Exposit 3 +#' +#' This is a reimplementation of the calculation described in the Exposit 3.02 spreadsheet file, +#' in the worksheet "Konzept Drainage". Although there are four groups of +#' compounds ("Gefährdungsgruppen"), only one distinction is made in the +#' calculations, between compounds with low mobility (group 1) and compounds +#' with modest to high mobility (groups 2, 3 and 4). In this implementation, +#' the group is derived only from the Koc, if not given explicitly. For +#' details, see the discussion of the function arguments below. +#' +#' @param rate The application rate in g/ha +#' @param interception The fraction intercepted by the crop +#' @param Koc The sorption coefficient to soil organic carbon used to determine the mobility. A trigger +#' value of 550 L/kg is used in order to decide if Koc >> 500. +#' @param mobility Overrides what is determined from the Koc. +#' @param DT50 The soil half-life in days +#' @param t_drainage The time between application and the drainage event, where degradation occurs, in days +#' @param V_ditch The volume of the ditch is assumed to be 1 m * 100 m * 30 cm = 30 m3 +#' @param V_drainage The drainage volume, equivalent to 1 mm precipitation on 1 ha for spring/summer or 10 mm for +#' autumn/winter/early spring. +#' @param dilution The dilution factor +#' @return A list containing the following components +#' \describe{ +#' \item{perc_runoff}{The runoff percentages for dissolved and bound substance} +#' \item{runoff}{A matrix containing dissolved and bound input for the different distances} +#' \item{PEC_sw_runoff}{A matrix containing PEC values for dissolved and bound substance +#' for the different distances. If the rate was given in g/ha, the PECsw are in microg/L.} +#' } +#' @export +#' @source Excel 3.02 spreadsheet available from +#' \url{https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/zul_umwelt_exposit.html} +#' @seealso \code{\link{perc_runoff_exposit}} for runoff loss percentages and \code{\link{perc_runoff_reduction_exposit}} for runoff reduction percentages used +#' @examples +#' PEC_sw_exposit_drainage(500, Koc = 150) +PEC_sw_exposit_drainage <- function(rate, interception = 0, Koc = NA, mobility = c(NA, "low", "high"), DT50 = Inf, t_drainage = 3, + V_ditch = 30, V_drainage = c(spring = 10, autumn = 100), dilution = 2) +{ + # Rückstand zum Zeitpunkt des Niederschlagsereignisses (residue at the time of the drainage event) + k_deg <- log(2)/DT50 + residue <- rate * (1 - interception) * 1 * exp(-k_deg * t_drainage) # assumes 1 ha treated area + + mobility <- match.arg(mobility) + if (is.na(mobility)) { + if (is.na(Koc)) stop("Koc is needed if the mobility is not specified") + else { + if (Koc > 550) mobility = "low" + else mobility = "high" + } + } + + V_ditch_drainage <- V_ditch + V_drainage + V_flowing_ditch_drainage <- dilution * V_ditch_drainage + + # Gesamtaustrag (total fraction of the residue drained) + if (mobility == "low") { + f_drainage_total <- c(spring = 0.01 * 1e-2, + autumn = 0.05 * 1e-2) + } else { + f_drainage_total <- c(spring = 0.2 * 1e-2, + autumn = 1.0 * 1e-2) + } + + f_peak = c(spring = 0.125, autumn = 0.25) # Stoßbelastung (fraction drained at event) + + PEC_sw_drainage <- 1000 * residue * f_drainage_total * f_peak / V_flowing_ditch_drainage + + result <- list( + perc_drainage_total = 100 * f_drainage_total, + perc_peak = 100 * f_peak, + PEC_sw_drainage = PEC_sw_drainage) + return(result) +} |